Examples of social contract theory in the following topics:
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- Thomas Hobbes,
an English philosopher and scientist, was one of the key figures in the political debates of the Enlightenment period, who introduced a social contract theory based on the relation between the absolute sovereign and the civil society.
- Hobbes was the first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed social contract theory that appeared in his 1651 work Leviathan.
- So in order to avoid it, people accede to a social contract and establish a civil society.
- This marked an important departure from medieval natural law theories which gave precedence to obligations over rights.
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- True, social contract theorists have argued that government is a voluntary association, as if it were a voluntary association, or ought to be a voluntary association.
- Social contract theory has been influential in America ever since the "Mayflower Compact".
- However, contract theorists have always foundered on the fact that not everybody subject to a government consents, or has consented, to be governed by it.
- A contract, like any other voluntary association, requires mutual consent of all the parties, not just a majority of them.
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- At the time, natural rights developed as part of the social contract theory that addressed the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.
- The question of the relation between natural and legal rights, therefore, is often an aspect of social contract theory.
- Such fundamental rights could not be surrendered in the social contract.
- In discussion of social contract theory, "inalienable rights" were those rights that could not be surrendered by citizens to the sovereign.
- Thomas Hobbes' 1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the foundation of most later Western political philosophy.
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- John Locke, an English philosopher and
physician, is regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment
thinkers, whose work greatly contributed to the development of the notions of social contract and natural rights.
- Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, he is equally important to social contract theory.
- The Second Treatise outlines a theory of civil society.
- Locke's political theory was founded on social contract theory.
- Locke's theory of mind has been as influential as his political theory and is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self.
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- Social control theory argues that relationships, commitments, values, and beliefs encourage conformity.
- Social control theory describes internal means of social control.
- Social control theory seeks to understand how to reduce deviance.
- Ultimately, social control theory is Hobbesian; it presupposes that all choices are constrained by social relations and contracts between parties.
- Like Hobbes, adherents to social control theory suggest that morality is created within a social order by assigning costs and consequences to certain actions that are marked as evil, wrong, illegal, or deviant.
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- Advocates of business contract theory believe that a business is a community of participants organized around a common purpose.
- Philosophers often assert that businesses should abide by some legal and social regulations.
- This concept is called corporate social responsibility (CSR).
- Advocates of business contract theory believe that a business is a community of participants organized around a common purpose.
- However, stakeholder theorists take contract theory a step further, maintaining that people outside of the business enterprise ought to have a say in how the business operates.
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- In a sense, Spencer's belief in progressive development echoed Comte's own theory of the three-stage development of society.
- However, writing after important developments in the field of biology, Spencer rejected the ideological assumptions of Comte's three-stage model and attempted to reformulate the theory of social progress in terms of evolutionary biology.
- As he elaborated the theory, he proposed two types of society: militant and industrial.
- Spencer questioned whether the evolution of society would result in peaceful anarchism (as he had first believed) or whether it pointed to a continued role for the state, albeit one reduced to minimal functions—the enforcement of contracts and external defense.
- This is why Spencer's theories are often called "social Darwinism."
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- The business cycle is the medium-term fluctuation of the economy between periods of expansion and contraction.
- Just before 2008, the business cycle peaked, and the economy began to contract.
- Contraction: The period of time in which real GDP declines and unemployment rises.
- These believed these problems were caused in particular by wealth inequality, and they advocated government intervention and socialism, respectively, as the solution.
- Sismondi's theory of periodic crises was developed into a theory of alternating cycles by Charles Dunoyer, and similar theories, showing signs of influence by Sismondi, were developed by Johann Karl Rodbertus.
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- Socialism has a number of theoretical benefits, based on the idea of social equality and justice.
- Social security schemes in which workers contribute to a mandatory public insurance program.
- Unlike private insurance, governmental schemes are based on public statutes rather than contracts; therefore, contributions and benefits may change in time, and are based on solidarity among participants.
- In theory, based on public benefits, socialism has the greatest goal of common wealth;
- Socialism reduces disparity in wealth, not only in different areas, but also in all societal ranks and classes.