natural rights

Examples of natural rights in the following topics:

• Natural Rights

  • Natural rights are usually juxtaposed with the concept of legal rights.
  • Natural rights are closely related to the concept of natural law (or laws).
  • Thomas Hobbes' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a "state of nature."
  • These natural rights include perfect equality and freedom and the right to preserve life and property.
  • Such rights were thought to be natural rights, independent of positive law.

• Introduction to Property Rights

  • Second, property rights can be justified by "natural rights" or by logic and pragmatism.
  • John Locke [1632-1704], a natural law philosopher argues that humans have a natural right to the ownership of private property.
  • This natural right to property stems from the fact that the individual has a right to their own labour and therefore a property right to the fruits of that labour when mixed with un-owned resources.
  • The emotional context of property rights associated with the natural rights approach that also complicates the discussion and analysis of the structure of property rights in a social system.
  • Property rights justified on natural rights tends to be static while pragmatism tends to justify property rights that evolve to meet the needs of changing circumstances (population, technology, environment, etc.).

• Thomas Hobbes

  • Hobbes also included a discussion of natural rights in his moral and political philosophy.
  • His' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a "state of nature."
  • He argued that the essential natural (human) right was "to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own Nature; that is to say, of his own Life (...)."
  • Hobbes objected to the attempt to derive rights from "natural law," arguing that law ("lex") and right ("jus") though often confused, signify opposites, with law referring to obligations, while rights refer to the absence of obligations.
  • Since by our (human) nature, we seek to maximize our well being, rights are prior to law, natural or institutional, and people will not follow the laws of nature without first being subjected to a sovereign power, without which all ideas of right and wrong are meaningless.

• The Bill of Rights

  • The Bill of Rights is a series of limitations on the power of the U.S. government, protecting the natural rights of liberty and property.
  • It is a series of limitations on the power of the U.S. federal government, protecting the natural rights of liberty and property including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well as the right to keep and bear arms .
  • He expounded on the idea of natural rights that are inherent to all individuals.
  • Like Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature allowed men to be selfish.
  • Like Hobbes, Locke assumed that the sole right to defend in the state of nature was not enough, so people established a civil society to resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from government in a state of society.

• The Rights of Englishmen

  • "The rights of Englishmen" refers to unwritten constitutional rights and liberties, originating in Britain peaking in the Enlightenment.
  • "The rights of Englishmen" is a concept used to describe a tradition of unwritten constitutional rights and liberties, originating in Britain, from which many Anglo-American declarations of rights have drawn inspiration.
  • For instance, in 1690, John Locke (one of the fathers of the English Enlightenment) wrote that all people have fundamental natural rights to "life, liberty and property," and that governments were created in order to protect these rights.
  • Locke's political theory was founded on a social contract theory: that in a state of nature, all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his "life, health, liberty, or possessions. " However, Locke argued, as it is more rational to live in an organized society where labor is divided and civil conflicts could be decided without violence, governments were established to protect the "life, health, liberty, and possessions" of men.
  • Essentially, Lockean conceptions of political rights included the right of man to determine the political structure that would oversee the protection of his natural rights.

• The Declaration of the Rights of Man

  • The spirit of secular natural law rests at the foundations of the Declaration.
  • Unlike traditional natural law theory, secular natural law does not draw from religious doctrine or authority.
  • Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places.
  • In the second article, "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" are defined as "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression."
  • While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population, there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not.

• The Rights of the Accused

  • The rights of the accused include the right to a fair trial; due process; and the right to privacy.
  • The rights of the accused, include the right to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote.
  • They are fundamentally civil and political in nature, as well as strongly individualistic: They serve negatively to protect the individual from the excesses of the state.
  • Civil rights are considered to be natural rights.
  • Thomas Jefferson wrote in his 1774 A Summary View of the Rights of British America "a free people claim their rights as derived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate. "

• Carboxylic Acid Natural Products

  • Carboxylic acids are widespread in nature, often combined with other functional groups.
  • Interestingly, the molecules of most natural fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms.
  • Since nature makes these long-chain acids by linking together acetate units, it is not surprising that the carbon atoms composing the natural products are multiples of two.
  • The double bonds in the unsaturated compounds listed on the right are all cis (or Z).
  • The following formulas are examples of other naturally occurring carboxylic acids.

• The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation and Integration

  • Differentiation and integration of natural logarithms is based on the property $\frac{d}{dx}\ln(x) = \frac{1}{x}$.
  • for $\left | x \right | \leq 1$ (unless $x = -1$).
  • for $\left | x -1 \right | \leq 1$ (unless $x = 0$).
  • The natural logarithm allows simple integration of functions of the form $g(x) = \frac{f '(x)}{f(x)}$: an antiderivative of $g(x)$ is given by $\ln\left(\left|f(x)\right|\right)$.
  • $\displaystyle{\int \tan (x)dx = -\ln\left | \cos(x) \right | + C}$

• Modelling the Stress

  • Looking back at section on Angular Momentum Transport, we find that stress has units of angular momentum per unit time per unit volume or erg cm$^{-3}$ in cgs units; therefore, it is quite natural to assume that the stress is proportional to the pressure $f_\phi = \alpha P$.
  • Shakura and Sunyaev argued that the viscosity is produced by turbulent eddies so its natural value is
  • $\displaystyle \alpha P \left (4 \pi r^2 h \right ) = \dot M \left [ \left ( GM r \right )^{1/2} - \beta \left ( GM r_I \right )^{1/2} \right ] $
  • $\displaystyle \alpha h^2 \Omega^2 \rho \left (4 \pi r^2 h \right ) = \dot M \left [ \left ( GM r \right )^{1/2} - \beta \left ( GM r_I \right )^{1/2} \right ] .$
  • $\displaystyle h^3 = \frac{1}{\alpha} \frac{\dot M}{4\pi \rho \Omega} \left [ 1 - \beta \left ( \frac{r_I}{r}\right )^{1/2} \right ], \frac{h^2}{r^2} = \frac{1}{2\alpha} \frac{v_r}{r \Omega} \left [ 1 - \beta \left ( \frac{r_I}{r} \right )^{1/2} \right ].$