dephosphorylation

Examples of dephosphorylation in the following topics:

• Termination of the Signal Cascade

  • For example, phosphatases are enzymes that remove the phosphate group attached to proteins by kinases in a process called dephosphorylation.

• Recombinant DNA Technology

  • To improve the ratio of recombinant to non-recombinant organisms, the cleaved vector may be treated with an enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) that dephosphorylates the vector ends.
  • Vector molecules with dephosphorylated ends are unable to replicate, and replication can only be restored if foreign DNA is integrated into the cleavage site.

• Short-Term Chemical Control

  • Dephosphorylation by myosin light-chain phosphatase and induction of calcium symportersand antiporters that pump calcium ions out of the intracellular compartment both contribute to smooth muscle cell relaxation and therefore vasodilation.

• Two-Component Regulatory Systems

  • Some HK are bifunctional, catalysing both the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of their cognate RR.

• Methods of Intracellular Signaling

  • Phosphorylation may activate or inactivate enzymes; the reversal of phosphorylation, dephosphorylation by a phosphatase, will reverse the effect.

• Sodium Pumps as an Alternative to Proton Pumps

  • This causes the dephosphorylation of the pump, reverting it to its previous conformational state, transporting the K+ ions into the cell.The unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity for Na+ ions than K+ ions, so the two bound K+ ions are released.

• ATP in Metabolism

  • The release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP, a process called dephosphorylation, releases energy.

• Control of Catabolic Pathways

  • Dephosphorylation by a phosphatase reactivates it.

• Regulator Molecules of the Cell Cycle

  • In the active, dephosphorylated state, Rb binds to proteins called transcription factors, most commonly to E2F .