Crystal Palace

Examples of Crystal Palace in the following topics:

• Changes in Technology

  • This kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading the poet William Blake to describe places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire as "Dark satanic mills. " The Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition of 1851 , was an early example of iron and glass construction.
  • The Crystal Palace, 1851, was one of the first buildings to have vast amounts of glass supported by structural metal, foreshadowing trends in Modernist architecture.

• Cast-Iron Architecture

  • Cast iron also became the standard support structure in the construction of greenhouses, and this type of design led to the monumental Crystal Palace built in London in 1851 .
  • The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851.

• Crystal Structure: Packing Spheres

  • The unique arrangement of atoms or molecules within a crystalline solid is referred to as the crystal structure of that material.
  • A crystal structure reflects the periodic pattern of the atoms which compose a crystalline substance.
  • The crystal lattice represents the three-dimensional structure of the crystal's atomic/molecular components.
  • The most common way to describe a crystal structure is to refer to the size and shape of the material's characteristic unit cell, which is the simplest repeating unit within the crystal.
  • This shows the simplest repeating unit within a crystal of the molecule fluorite, or calcium fluoride (CaF2).

• LCDs

  • Liquid crystal displays use liquid crystals which do not emit light, but use the light modulating properties of the crystals.
  • LCD stands for a liquid crystal display.
  • The liquid crystals themselves do not emit light, but the display uses the light modulating properties of the crystals.
  • The crystals do not emit any light, but rather give the light a specific shape to be emitted in.
  • Explain how liquid crystal displays produce images and discuss their benefits and deficiencies

• Determining Atomic Structures by X-Ray Crystallography

  • X-ray crystallography is a method for determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal structure.
  • The crystal is typically rotated with respect to different axes and shot again with X-rays, so that diffraction patterns from all angles of the X-rays hitting the crystal are recorded.
  • A map is constructed to describe the electron density of the molecules in the crystal.
  • The final result is the three-dimensional structure of the molecules in the crystal.
  • An X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized protein molecule.

• Magnetosomes

  • Each magnetite crystal within a magnetosome is surrounded by a lipid bilayer.
  • Magnetotactic bacteria usually mineralize either iron oxide magnetosomes , which contain crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4), or iron sulfide magnetosomes, which contain crystals of greigite (Fe3S4).
  • Magnetosome crystals are typically 35–120 nm long, which makes them single-domain.
  • Single-domain crystals have the maximum possible magnetic moment per unit volume for a given composition.
  • Smaller crystals are superparamagnetic–that is, not permanently magnetic at ambient temperature, and domain walls would form in larger crystals.

• X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a tool for characterizing the arrangement of atoms in crystals and the distances between crystal faces.
  • Samples are commonly analyzed in a crystal form.
  • X-ray diffraction is caused by constructive interference of x-ray waves that reflect off internal crystal planes.
  • The powder consists of tiny crystals randomly oriented.
  • At certain angles of the sensor, populations of crystals have the correct angle so that Bragg's equation is satisfied for one of the crystal planes, resulting in a spike in X-rays.

• Minoan Architecture

  • The largest and oldest palace centers are at Knossos, Malia, Phaistos, and Kato Zakro.
  • The palace was rebuilt toward the end of the Late Bronze Age.
  • The first palace was built about 2000 BCE.
  • The palace appears to have been unused thereafter.
  • The Old Palace was built in the Protopalatial Period.

• Crystal Field Theory

  • Crystal field theory states that d or f orbital degeneracy can be broken by the electric field produced by ligands, stabilizing the complex.
  • The Crystal Field Theory (CFT) is a model for the bonding interaction between transition metals and ligands.
  • The crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) is the stability that results from placing a transition metal ion in the crystal field generated by a set of ligands.
  • Crystal field stabilization is applicable to the transition-metal complexes of all geometries.
  • The reason that many d8 complexes are square-planar is the very large amount of crystal field stabilization that this geometry produces with this number of electrons.

• Crystallographic Analysis

  • The field has greatly advanced with the development of x-ray diffraction methods, where the matter analyzed is usually in its crystal form.
  • The protocol for completing a successful crystallographic analysis requires production of proteins (cloning, mutagenesis, bacterial culture, etc.), purification of recombinant proteins (such as chromatography of affinity and gel filtration), enzymatic tests and inhibition measurement (spectrophotometry), crystallization, x-rays crystallography and structural analysis, interactions determination (microcalorimetry, fluorescence, BIAcore), conformational analyses (circular dichroism, ultracentrifugation, light scattering), modifications analysis (mass spectrometry), bioinformatics, and molecular modelisation.
  • It stores information about crystals and crystal structures.