Chapter 4
Aqueous Reactions
By Boundless
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30086/square/gatorade4products.jpg)
Unlike nonelectrolytes, electrolytes contain dissolved ions that enable them to easily conduct electricity.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/18526/square/figure-02-02-03.jpeg)
Water's polarity makes it an excellent solvent for other polar molecules and ions.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9443/raw/hydroquinone.jpg)
When electrodes are placed in an electrolyte solution and a voltage is applied, the electrolyte will conduct electricity.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9231/square/solubility-20chart.jpg)
Precipitation reactions transform ions into an insoluble salt in aqueous solution.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/29808/square/solubility_curve.jpg)
Solubility is the relative ability of a solute (solid, liquid, or gas) to dissolve into a solvent and form a solution.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9537/square/id-st-c5-99-c3-adbrn-c3-bd.jpg)
Precipitation reactions can be written as molecular, ionic, or complete ionic equations.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/18531/square/figure-02-02-08.jpeg)
Acids dissociate into H+ and lower pH, while bases dissociate into OH- and raise pH; buffers can absorb these excess ions to maintain pH.
A Brønsted acid is any species capable of donating a proton; a Brønsted base is any capable of accepting a proton.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9306/square/titration.gif)
Acid-base titration can determine the concentrations of unknown acid or base solutions.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9331/square/cg11c8-003.jpg)
A gas evolution reaction is a chemical process that produces a gas, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9502/square/plutonium-in-solution.jpeg)
Oxidation state is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were completely ionic.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/2775/square/combustion-methane-intl.jpg)
The five main types of redox reactions are combination, decomposition, displacement, combustion, and disproportionation.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9509/square/3158e93708ab74ed4603f9c68a.jpg)
Balancing redox reactions involves splitting the reaction into two half-reactions.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/29823/square/screen shot 2014-10-14 at 11.51.06 am.jpg)
Redox titration determines the concentration of an analyte containing either an oxidizing or a reducing agent.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/14261/square/ncentration-simple-example.jpeg)
Diluting a solution involves adding additional solvent to decrease the solution's concentration.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/14274/square/slide2.jpeg)
Molarity is a unit of concentration; it is equal to moles of solute divided by the total volume of the solution in liters.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/29856/square/agcl_pyramidal.jpg)
Stoichiometry can be used to calculate the quantitative relationships between species in aqueous solution.