Examples of bank regulation in the following topics:
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- The central banking system of the United States, the Fed was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act.
- Its duties have expanded over the years, and today, according to official Federal Reserve documentation, include conducting the nation's monetary policy, bank regulation, maintaining the stability of the financial system and providing financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions.
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- Libertarian conservatives generally support strict laissez-faire policies such as free trade and oppose any national bank, regulations on businesses, environmental regulation, corporate subsidies, and other areas of economic intervention.
- A social conservative wants to preserve traditional morality and social mores, often through civil law or regulation.
- Major movements within American conservatism include support for tradition, law-and-order, Christianity, anti-communism, and a defense of "Western civilization from the challenges of modernist culture and totalitarian governments. " Economic conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, and free enterprise.
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- The Federal Reserve is the central banking system of the United States, which conducts the nation's monetary policy, supervises and regulates banking institutions, maintains the stability of the financial system, and provides financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions.
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- While banks had long been incorporated and regulated by the states, the National Bank Acts of 1863 and 1864 saw Congress establish a network of national banks that had their reserve requirements set by officials in Washington.
- During World War I, a system of federal banks devoted to aiding farmers was established, and a network of federal banks designed to promote home ownership came into existence in the last year of Herbert Hoover's administration.
- Congress used its power over interstate commerce to regulate the rates of interstate (and eventually intrastate) railroads and even regulate their stock issues and labor relations, going so far as to enact a law regulating pay rates for railroad workers on the eve of World War I.
- As early as 1913, there was talk of regulating stock exchanges, and the Capital Issues Committee formed to control access to credit during World War I recommended federal regulation of all stock issues and exchanges shortly before it ceased operating in 1921.
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- The main components in the international monetary structure are global institutions (such as the International Monetary Fund and Bank for International Settlements), national agencies and government departments (such as central banks and finance ministries), private institutions acting on the global scale (such as banks and hedge funds), and regional institutions (like the Eurozone or NAFTA).
- The most prominent international institutions are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) , the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
- This includes commercial banks, hedge funds and private equity, pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, and sovereign wealth funds.
- Governments are also a part of the international monetary structure, primarily through their finance ministries: they pass the laws and regulations for financial markets, and set the tax burden for private players such as banks, funds, and exchanges.
- Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system, the planners at Bretton Woods established the IMF and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group.
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- These generally include the interest rate and money supply, tax and government spending, tariffs, exchange rates, labor market regulations, and many other aspects of government.
- Government and central banks are limited in the number of goals they can achieve in the short term.
- For instance, the Federal Reserve Bank, European Central Bank, Bank of England and Reserve Bank of Australia all set interest rates without government interference, but do not adopt rules.
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- When currency is under a monopoly of issuance or when there is a regulated system of issuing currency through banks which are tied to a central bank, the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply and therefore influence the interest rate (to achieve policy goals).
- Within most modern nations, special institutions (such as the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Bank of England, the European Central Bank, the People's Bank of China, the Reserve bank of India, and the Bank of Japan) exist which have the task of executing the monetary policy, often independently of the executive.
- In general, these institutions are called central banks and usually have other responsibilities such as supervising the smooth operation of the financial system .
- For example, in the case of the United States, the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, which is the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight.
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- Maryland attempted to impede operations of a branch of the Second Bank of the US by imposing a tax on all bank notes not chartered in Maryland.
- The Second Bank of the US was the only out-of-state bank in Maryland and the law was perceived to be targeting the US Bank.
- The partnership collapsed in 1818 when Gibbons operated another steamboat on Ogden's route between Elizabeth, NJ and New York City, licensed by Congress under a 1793 law regulating coasting trade.
- Chief Justice Marshall's ruling determined that a congressional power to regulate navigation is granted.
- The court went on to conclude that congressional power over commerce should extend to the regulation of all aspects of it.
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- A regulation is a legal provision with many possible functions.
- Regulations take many forms, including legal restrictions from a government authority, contractual obligations, industry self-regulations, social regulations, co-regulations, and market regulations.
- State, or governmental, regulation attempts to produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur.
- Economists also occasionally develop regulation innovations, such as emissions trading.
- Several types of organizations are exempt from federal antitrust laws, including labor unions, agricultural cooperatives, and banks.
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- Before the New Deal, deposits at banks were not insured against loss.
- When thousands of banks faced bankruptcy, many people lost all their savings.
- The First New Deal dealt with diverse groups that needed help for economic survival, from banking and railroads to industry and farming.
- It led to greatly increased federal regulation of the economy.