greenhouse effect

Examples of greenhouse effect in the following topics:

• Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming

  • Greenhouse gases raise the Earth's equilibrium temperature by absorbing radiation that would otherwise be emitted into space.
  • The 9°C discrepancy is due to the greenhouse effect.
  • Thus the greenhouse effect is a continuous cycle of absorption and emission of energy between the Earth and atmosphere.
  • The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon of radiative transfer, the process by which the energy of light waves is exchanged in matter.
  • Atmospheric reflecters, notably sulfates and nitrates, reflect and scatter light before it ever hits the surface of the Earth, effectively reducing the power that the Earth receives.

• The Doppler Effect

  • The Doppler Effect is the change in a wave's perceived frequency that results from the source's motion, the observer, and the medium.
  • The Doppler effect is a periodic event's change in frequency for an observer in motion relative to the event's source.
  • Most people have experienced the Doppler effect in action.
  • The Doppler effect can be caused by any kind of motion.
  • If the observer moves relative to the stationary siren, the observer will notice the Doppler effect on the pitch of the siren.

• The Photoelectric Effect

  • Electrons are emitted from matter that is absorbing energy from electromagnetic radiation, resulting in the photoelectric effect.
  • This is called the photoelectric effect, and the electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons.
  • The photoelectric effect is also widely used to investigate electron energy levels in matter.
  • Heinrich Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect in 1887.
  • Explain how the photoelectric effect paradox was solved by Albert Einstein.

• The Compton Effect

  • The Compton Effect is the phenomenon of the decrease in energy of photon when scattered by a free charged particle.
  • Still, the origin of the effect can be considered as an elastic collision between a photon and an electron.
  • However, the effect will become arbitrarily small at sufficiently low light intensities regardless of wavelength.
  • The Compton Effect is the name given to the scattering of a photon by an electron.
  • Studying this effect, Compton verified that photons have momentum.

• Biological Effects of Radiation

  • The genetic effects of radiation, including the effects on cancer risk, were recognized much later.
  • In 1927, Hermann Joseph Muller published research showing genetic effects.
  • Radiation-induced cancer, teratogenesis, cognitive decline, and heart disease are all examples of stochastic effects.
  • Deterministic effects are not necessarily more or less serious than stochastic effects; either can ultimately lead to damage ranging from a temporary nuisance to death.
  • Quantitative data on the effects of ionizing radiation on human health are relatively limited compared to other medical conditions because of the low number of cases to date and because of the stochastic nature of some of the effects.

• Electrostatic Shielding

  • Electrostatic shielding is the phenomenon that occurs when a Faraday cage blocks the effects of an electric field.
  • Electrostatic shielding is the phenomenon that is observed when a Faraday cage operates to block the effects of an electric field.
  • Such a cage can block the effects of an external field on its internal contents, or the effects of an internal field on the outside environment.
  • Faraday cages are limited in their effectiveness, and cannot block static and slowly varying magnetic fields, such as that of the planet Earth.
  • As the field is applied, the negative charge from the cage migrates toward the positive end of the field, canceling the effects of the field at both ends of the cage.

• Multielectron Atoms

  • This phenomenon is often referred to as the Orbital Penetration Effect.
  • The size of the shielding effect is difficult to calculate precisely due to effects from quantum mechanics.
  • As an approximation, the effective nuclear charge on each electron can be estimated by: Zeff=Z−σZ_\text{eff} = Z - \sigma, where $Z$ is the number of protons in the nucleus and σ\sigma is the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question. σ\sigma can be found by using quantum chemistry and the Schrodinger equation or by using Slater's empirical formula.
  • Each has 10 electrons, and the number of nonvalence electrons is two (10 total electrons minus eight valence electrons), but the effective nuclear charge varies because each has a different number of protons:
  • As a consequence, the sodium cation has the largest effective nuclear charge and, therefore, the smallest atomic radius.

• Inductance

  • Inductance is the property of a device that tells how effectively it induces an emf in another device or on itself.
  • The larger the mutual inductance M, the more effective the coupling.
  • Transformers run backward with the same effectiveness, or mutual inductance M.
  • Self-inductance, the effect of Faraday's law of induction of a device on itself, also exists.
  • Their mutual inductance M indicates the effectiveness of the coupling between them.

• Doppler Effect

• Other Geophysical Applications

  • To review, the tidal force is responsible for the tides -- it is a "differential force," due to a secondary effect of the force of gravity.
  • Although their effects may not be obvious over a small time-space scale, these forces are important in such contexts as meteorology, navigation, fishing, and others.
  • Until the advent of automated navigation, competence in calculating tidal effects was important to naval officers.
  • The Coriolis force is quite small, and its effects generally become noticeable only when we are dealing with motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large-scale movements of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean.
  • The Coriolis effects also became important in ballistics calculations -- for example, calculating the trajectories of very long-range artillery shells.