Signal transduction

(noun)

Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response.

Related Terms

Examples of Signal transduction in the following topics:

  • Two-Component Regulatory Systems

    • Two component signaling systems are widely occurring in prokaryotes whereas only a few two-component systems have been identified in eukaryotic organisms.
    • Signal transduction occurs through the transfer of phosphoryl groups from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a specific histidine residue in the histidine kinases (HK).
    • Two-component signal transduction systems enable bacteria to sense, respond and adapt to a wide range of environments, stressors and growth conditions.
    • These pathways have been adapted to respond to a wide variety of stimuli, including nutrients, cellular redox state, changes in osmolarity, quorum signals, antibiotics, temperature, chemoattractants, pH and more.
    • Signal transducing histidine kinases are the key elements in two-component signal transduction systems.

  • Chemotaxis

    • This mechanism of signal transduction is called a two-component system and is a common form of signal transduction in bacteria.

  • Planctomycetes

    • One such example is a gene sequence (in Gemmata obscuriglobus) that was found to have significant homology to the integrin alpha-V, a protein that is important in transmembrane signal transduction in eukaryotes.
    • In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter.

  • Adherence

    • Also, they induce activation of several signal transduction cascades, including activation of PI-3 kinase.

  • Quorum Sensing

    • Quorum sensing may be achieved by degrading the signalling molecule.
    • A variety of different molecules can be used as signals.
    • Bacteria that use quorum sensing constitutively produce and secrete certain signaling molecules (called autoinducers or pheromones).
    • These bacteria also have a receptor that can specifically detect the signaling molecule (inducer).
    • A comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis of 138 genomes of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes found that "the LuxS enzyme required for AI-2 synthesis is widespread in bacteria, while the periplasmic binding protein LuxP is present only in Vibrio strains," leading to the conclusion that either "other organisms may use components different from the AI-2 signal transduction system of Vibrio strains to sense the signal of AI-2 or they do not have such a quorum sensing system at all. " Certain bacteria can produce enzymes called lactonases that can target and inactivate AHLs.

  • Bacterial Transduction

    • Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.
    • Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus .
    • Transduction happens through either the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle.
    • Transduction is a method for transferring genetic material.
    • Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.

  • Bacteriophage Lambda as a Cloning Vector

    • Lambda phage has been of major importance in the study of specialized transduction.
    • Specialized transduction is the process by which a restricted set of bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium .
    • Specialized transduction occurs when the prophage excises imprecisely from the chromosome so that bacterial genes lying adjacent to the prophage are included in the excised DNA.
    • Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector.

  • Putting Foreign DNA into Cells

    • ., transformation, transduction, transfection, and electroporation).
    • The methods used to get DNA into cells are varied, and the name applied to this step in the molecular cloning process will often depend upon the experimental method that is chosen (e.g., transformation, transduction, transfection, electroporation).
    • In contrast, transduction involves the packaging of DNA into virus-derived particles, and using these virus-like particles to introduce the encapsulated DNA into the cell through a process resembling viral infection.
    • Although electroporation and transduction are highly specialized methods, they may be the most efficient methods to move DNA into cells.

  • Pathogenicity Islands and Virulence Factors

    • Cryptic mobility genes may also be present, indicating the provenance as transduction.

  • Pathogenicity Islands

    • Cryptic mobility genes may also be present, indicating the provenance as transduction.