Examples of phosphotransferase system in the following topics:
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- The systems play key roles in pathogenesis.
- These systems may be described as type I secretion, type II secretion, etc.
- The PGF-CTERM/archaeosortase A system in archaea is related to S-layer production.
- PEP group translocation, also known as the phosphotransferase system or PTS, is a distinct method used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
- The system was discovered by Saul Roseman in 1964.
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- Two component signaling systems are widely occurring in prokaryotes whereas only a few two-component systems have been identified in eukaryotic organisms.
- A variant of the two-component system is the phospho-relay system.
- The phosphoryl group is then shuttled to histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and subsequently to a terminal RR, which can evoke the desired response.
- Signal transducing histidine kinases are the key elements in two-component signal transduction systems.
- Describe the structure and function of a bacterial two-component regulatory system
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- The circulatory system has a defence against microbial invaders in the form of the lymphatic system.
- The cardiovascular system basically moves blood throughout the body.
- While the lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels.
- The lymph system is not a closed system.
- Lymphatic organs play an important part in the immune system, having a considerable overlap with the lymphoid system.
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- The system is regulated by Ca2+ concentrations which regulate the opening and closing of gates present in the membrane by which the type III secretion system complexes can utilize for translocation.
- Another pathogen, Shigella, which utilizes type III secretion systems is able to successfully carry out its infection by evading the immune system.
- The type IV secretion systems can either secrete or receive molecules.
- The type IV secretion system utilizes a process similar to this.
- This specific secretion system can transport both DNA and proteins.
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- The immune system protects organisms from infection first with the innate immune system, then with adaptive immunity.
- The immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
- Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt to avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system.
- Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.
- Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.
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- The complement system helps antibodies and phagocytic cells clear pathogens from an organism.
- The serum complement system, which represents a chief component of innate immunity, not only participates in inflammation but also acts to enhance the adaptive immune response.
- The complement system plays a crucial role in the innate defense against common pathogens.
- The complement system can be activated through three major pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative.
- The finding that B lymphocytes bound C3 raised the question as early as in the 1970s as to whether the complement system was involved in adaptive immune responses.
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- The immune system includes primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphatic tissues and various cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems.
- The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid, called lymph, unidirectionally towards the heart.
- Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.
- The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph.
- Recognize the cells and organs of the immune system and their functions
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- An expression system that is categorized as a genetic engineering product is a system specifically designed for the production of a gene product of choice.
- An expression system is therefore often artificial in some manner.
- Viruses and bacteria are an excellent example of expression systems.
- The oldest and most widely used expression systems are cell-based.
- Each expression system also has distinct advantages and liabilities.
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- The complement system helps or "complements" the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.
- It is part of the immune system called the "innate immune system" that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.
- However, it can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.
- The proteins and glycoproteins that constitute the complement system are synthesized by the liver hepatocytes.
- As part of the innate immune system, elements of the complement cascade can be found in species earlier than vertebrates, most recently in the protostome horseshoe crab species, putting the origins of the system back further than was previously thought.
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- Parasitic worms, distributed worldwide, are hypothesized to have importance in immune system regulation.
- It is speculated that parasitic worms have the ability to damp down the immune system, which promotes an environment where they can thrive without being attached.
- In return, the damping down of the immune system is believed to be beneficial, as this may prevent the development of allergies.
- The study demonstrates that immune system cells, eosinophils, that are present in fat tissue play a role in the prevention of insulin resistance via secretion of interleukin 4.
- The hypothesis that parasites are necessary for a healthy immune system is currently under investigation and still requires multiple lines of evidence.