Examples of Tat pathway in the following topics:
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- The twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat pathway) is a protein export or secretion pathway found in plants, bacteria, and archaea.
- In contrast to the Sec pathway which transports proteins in an unfolded manner, the Tat pathway serves to actively translocate folded proteins across a lipid membrane bilayer.
- The Tat pathways of Gram-positive bacteria differ in that they do not have a TatB component.
- In addition, a number of exported virulence factors have been shown to rely on the Tat pathway.
- Recall the following types of transport systems: PEP group translocation and the TAT pathway
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- An anabolic pathway requires energy and builds molecules while a catabolic pathway produces energy and breaks down molecules.
- Consequently, metabolism is composed of these two opposite pathways:
- One example of an anabolic pathway is the synthesis of sugar from CO2.
- Chemical reactions in metabolic pathways rarely take place spontaneously.
- Both types of pathways are required for maintaining the cell's energy balance.
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- The Entner–Doudoroff pathway is an alternate series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvate.
- The Entner–Doudoroff pathway describes an alternate series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvate using a set of enzymes different from those used in either glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway .
- Most bacteria use glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
- This pathway was first reported in 1952 by Michael Doudoroff and Nathan Entner.
- There are a few bacteria that substitute classic glycolysis with the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.
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- These pathways are necessary for survival and cellular function.
- These processes require pathways that are often multi-step.
- An additional central metabolic pathway includes glycolysis.
- Additional pathways that require substrates or metabolites produced by the glycolytic pathway include: gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA.
- An overview of the glycolytic pathway.
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- Excess amino acids are converted into molecules that can enter the pathways of glucose catabolism.
- Metabolic pathways should be thought of as porous; that is, substances enter from other pathways and intermediates leave for other pathways.
- These pathways are not closed systems.
- Many of the substrates, intermediates, and products in a particular pathway are reactants in other pathways.
- Deaminated amino acids can also be converted into another intermediate molecule before entering the pathways.
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- Steroid biosynthesis is an anabolic metabolic pathway that produces steroids from simple precursors.
- A unique biosynthetic pathway is followed in animals compared to many other organisms, making the pathway a common target for antibiotics and other anti-infective drugs.
- The non-mevalonate pathway or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway (MEP/DOXP pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis is an alternative metabolic pathway leading to the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
- The classical mevalonate pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an important cellular metabolic pathway present in all higher eukaryotes and many bacteria.
- In contrast to the classical mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants and apicomplexan protozoa such as malaria parasites have the ability to produce their isoprenoids (terpenoids) using an alternative pathway, the non-mevalonate pathway, which takes place in their plastids.
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- This happens because all of the catabolic pathways for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids eventually connect into glycolysis and the citric acid cycle pathways.
- Metabolic pathways should be thought of as porous; that is, substances enter from other pathways, and intermediates leave for other pathways.
- These pathways are not closed systems.
- Many of the substrates, intermediates, and products in a particular pathway are reactants in other pathways.
- Like sugars and amino acids, the catabolic pathways of lipids are also connected to the glucose catabolism pathways.
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- The acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) pathway, commonly referred to as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway, is one of the major metabolic pathways utilized by bacteria.
- The following is a brief overview of the acetyl-CoA pathway. .
- The acetyl-CoA pathway begins with the reduction of a carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide.
- Acetyl-CoA synthetase is a class of enzymes that is key to the acetyl-CoA pathway.
- Methanogens are able to utilize the acetyl-CoA pathway to fix carbon dioxide.
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- The 3-hydroxypropionate cycle is a carbon fixation pathway that results in the production of acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate.
- Carbon fixation is a key pathway in numerous microorganisms, resulting in the formation of organic compounds deemed necessary for cellular processes.
- One of the pathways that is utilized for carbon fixation is the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle.
- The ability of Chloroflexus aurantiacus to utilize this pathway is unique.
- An image of Chloroflexus aurantiacus, a green nonsulfur bacteria that utilizes the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway.
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- The coagulation cascade is classically divided into three pathways: the
contact (also known as the intrinsic) pathway, the tissue factor (also
known as the extrinsic pathway), and the common pathway.
- Both the
contact pathway and the tissue factor feed into and activate the common
pathway.
- The intrinsic pathway (contact activation pathway) occurs during exposure to negatively charged molecules, such as molecules on bacteria and various types of lipids.
- The extrinsic pathway occurs during tissue damage when damaged cells release tissue factor III.
- In the final common pathway, prothrombin is converted to thrombin.