periplasmic

Examples of periplasmic in the following topics:

• Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

  • The Gram-negative cell wall is composed of an outer membrane, a peptidoglygan layer, and a periplasm.
  • Sandwiched between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane, a concentrated gel-like matrix (the periplasm) is found in the periplasmic space.
  • The periplasm space can act as reservoir for virulence factors and a dynamic flux of macromolecules representing the cell's metabolic status and its response to environmental factors.
  • Together, the plasma membrane and the cell wall (outer membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and periplasm) constitute the gram-negative envelope.

• MreB and Determinants of Cell Morphology

  • MreB and its homologs have been shown to interact and co-localize with cytoplasmic protein( MurB-G), membrane-imbedded proteins ( MreD, MraY and RodA), as well as other molecules with large periplasmic domain in organism.
  • This ability of MreB is because of RodZ, an inner membrane protein containing an 80-residue, N-terminal cytoplasmic region, and a 200-amino acid periplasmic C-terminal tail.

• Spirochaetes

  • The flagella, in spirochaetes, runs lengthwise between the inner and outer membranes in the periplasmic space.

• Alteration of Membrane Permeability

  • These molecules are present in the periplasm, the region between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes.
  • The periplasm contains the peptidoglycan layer and also many proteins responsible for substrate binding or hydrolysis and the reception of extracellular signals.
  • The periplasm is thought to exist as a gel-like state rather than a liquid due to the high concentration of proteins and peptidoglycan found within it.

• Two-Component Regulatory Systems

  • Most orthodox HKs, typified by the Escherichia coli EnvZ protein, function as periplasmic membrane receptors and have a signal peptide and transmembrane segment(s) that separate the protein into a periplasmic N-terminal sensing domain and a highly conserved cytoplasmic C-terminal kinase core.

• Group Translocation

  • Bacteria may have a single plasma membrane (Gram-positive bacteria) or an inner membrane plus an outer membrane separated by the periplasm (Gram-negative bacteria).
  • They can also be trapped in either the periplasm or secreted into the environment, according to whether or not there is an outer membrane.

• ABC Transporters

  • In gram-negative bacteria, exporters transport lipids and some polysaccharides from the cytoplasm to the periplasm.

• Nitrification

  • Biochemically, ammonium oxidation occurs by the stepwise oxidation of ammonium to hydroxylamine (NH2OH) by the enzyme ammonium monooxygenase in the cytoplasm, followed by the oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite by the enzyme hydroxylamine oxidoreductase in the periplasm.

• Plasmids as Cloning Vectors

  • Targeting sequence: Expression vectors may include encoding for a targeting sequence in the finished protein that directs the expressed protein to a specific organelle in the cell or specific location such as the periplasmic space of bacteria.

• Virulent Bacteriophages and T4

  • The lysozyme domain of GP5 is activated and degrades the periplasmic peptidoglycan layer.