biosynthesis

Examples of biosynthesis in the following topics:

• Biosynthesis and Energy

  • Biosynthesis in living organisms is a process in which substrates are converted to more complex products.
  • The products which are produced as a result of biosynthesis are necessary for cellular and metabolic processes deemed essential for survival.
  • Biosynthesis is often referred to as the anabolism branch of metabolism that results in complex proteins such as vitamins.

• Steroids

  • Steroid biosynthesis is an anabolic metabolic pathway that produces steroids from simple precursors.
  • In humans and other animals, the biosynthesis of steroids follows the mevalonate pathway that uses acetyl-CoA as building blocks to form dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) .
  • The non-mevalonate pathway or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway (MEP/DOXP pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis is an alternative metabolic pathway leading to the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
  • It is important for the production of IPP and DMAPP that serve as the basis for the biosynthesis of molecules used in processes as diverse as protein prenylation, cell membrane maintenance, hormones, protein anchoring, and N-glycosylation.
  • In contrast to the classical mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants and apicomplexan protozoa such as malaria parasites have the ability to produce their isoprenoids (terpenoids) using an alternative pathway, the non-mevalonate pathway, which takes place in their plastids.

• Substrates for Biosynthesis

  • This pathway, comprised of a series of reactions, produces many intermediates and molecules utilized as substrates for biosynthesis in additional pathways.

• Polysaccharide Biosynthesis

  • Describe the mechanism of polysaccharide biosynthesis and its importance in bacteria

• Biosynthesis of Tetrapyrroles

  • The "committed step" for porphyrin biosynthesis is the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA, 5-ALA or dALA) by the reaction of the amino acid glycine with succinyl-CoA from the citric acid cycle.

• Lipid Biosynthesis

  • The enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis are divided into two groups, in animals and fungi all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a single multifunctional protein, while in plant plastids and bacteria separate enzymes perform each step in the pathway.
  • One important reaction that uses these activated isoprene donors is steroid biosynthesis.
  • Outline the characteristics and processes of lipid biosynthesis, including:; lipogenesis and fatty acid biosynthesis

• Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease

  • It also carries genes for the biosynthesis of the plant hormones, auxin and cytokinins, and for the biosynthesis of opines, providing a carbon and nitrogen source for the bacteria.

• Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Compounds

  • Organic compounds are also the carbon source for biosynthesis.
  • Some species can chemolithoautotrophically grow, using sulfide oxidation for energy and carbon dioxide as a source of carbon for biosynthesis.
  • Organic compounds are also the carbon source for biosynthesis.
  • Some species have the ability of chemolithoautotrophic growth, using sulfide oxidation for energy and carbon dioxide as a source of carbon for biosynthesis.

• Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis

  • The first three enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis are all coded by the same gene in Metazoa.
  • The first regulated step in pyrimidine biosynthesis is the formation of carbamoyl phosphate by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II.
  • This is the only mitochondrial step in nucleotide rings biosynthesis.
  • CTP synthase (or CTP synthetase) is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis.

• Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotics

  • The biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides shares characteristics with the polyketide and fatty acid biosynthesis.