neonatal

Examples of neonatal in the following topics:

• The Newborn

  • The period of the newborn's growth and development over the first 1-2 months is known as the neonatal period of development.
  • The first two months of newborn growth and development are known as the neonatal period of development.

• Development of the Immune System

  • Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed.
  • In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas.
  • In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited.
  • Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates.

• Adjustments of the Infant at Birth

  • A positive airway pressure should be maintained and neonatal sepsis must be ruled out.
  • Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea, transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), airway obstruction, and pneumonia.
  • Similarly, excess substrate can also lead to problems, such as infant of a diabetic mother (IDM), hypothermia, or neonatal sepsis.
  • Anticipating potential problems is the key to managing most neonatal problems of energy metabolism.

• Pathogenic Escherichia coli

  • In humans, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, and neonatal meningitis can occur.
  • Neonatal meningitis is produced by a serotype of E. coli that contains a capsular antigen called K1.
  • Severe meningitis in the neonates are caused because of the absence of the IgM antibodies from the mother (these do not cross the placenta because FcRn only mediates the transfer of IgG), plus the fact that the body recognizes as self the K1 antigen, as it resembles the cerebral glicopeptides.

• Jaundice

  • Neonatal jaundice is usually harmless.
  • Typical causes for neonatal jaundice include normal physiologic jaundice, jaundice due to breast feeding, and hemolytic disorders.
  • Jaundice seen in newborns, known as neonatal jaundice, is common; hepatic machinery for the conjugation and excretion of bilirubin does not fully mature until approximately two weeks of age.

• Thymus

  • Thymectomy, the surgical removal of the thymus, is done most often to gain access to the heart in surgeries to correct congenital heart defects that are performed in the neonatal period.
  • In neonates, but not older children or adults, the relative size of the thymus obstructs surgical access to the heart.

• Polycystic Kidney Disease

  • Unfortunately, resulting hypoplasia results in a 30% death rate in neonates with ARPKD.

• Transfusions of Whole Blood

  • Whole blood is sometimes "recreated" from stored red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for neonatal transfusions.

• Congenital Defects

  • A congenital disorder, or congenital disease, is a condition existing at birth and often before birth, or that develops during the first month of life (neonatal disease) regardless of causation.

• Bacterial Eye Diseases

  • Neonatal conjunctivitis is often defined separately due to different organisms.