diamagnetism

Examples of diamagnetism in the following topics:

• Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism

  • Paramagnetism is the attraction of material while in a magnetic field, and diamagnetism is the repulsion of magnetic fields.
  • Diamagnetism is the property of an object or material that causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition to an externally applied magnetic field.
  • Thus, unlike paramagnets, diamagnets are repelled by magnetic fields, which can lead to its unusual effects, such as levitation of diamagnetic material when located above powerful magnet (as shown in ).
  • However, for materials that display some other form of magnetism (such as ferromagnetism or paramagnetism), the diamagnetic contribution becomes negligible.
  • In addition, all conductors exhibit an effective diamagnetism when they experience a changing magnetic field.

• Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism

  • Diamagnetic atoms have only paired electrons, whereas paramagnetic atoms, which can be made magnetic, have at least one unpaired electron.
  • Whenever two electrons are paired together in an orbital, or their total spin is 0, they are called diamagnetic electrons.
  • If all of the electrons in an atom are paired up and share their orbital with another electron, then the total spin in each orbital is zero and the atom is diamagnetic.
  • Diamagnetic atoms are not attracted to a magnetic field, but rather are slightly repelled.
  • Just as diamagnetic atoms are slightly repelled from a magnetic field, paramagnetic atoms are slightly attracted to a magnetic field.

• Ozone

  • Ozone (O3) is diamagnetic (its electrons are all paired) and is a powerful oxidant.
  • Ozone is diamagnetic, which means that its electrons are all paired.

• Physical Properties and Atomic Size

  • Some compounds are diamagnetic.

• Transition Metals

  • Some compounds are diamagnetic.

• The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Energy

  • Only ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and diamagnetic materials can satisfy this condition.

• Magnetic Properties

  • [Ni(CN)4]2-, [Pt(NH3)3Cl]+, and [PtCl4]2- are all diamagnetic.

• Boranes: Boron-Hydrogen Compounds

  • Boranes are all colorless and diamagnetic.

• Electron Configurations and Magnetic Properties of Ions

  • Some are attracted to a magnetic field (paramagnetism); others are repulsed by it (diamagnetism); still others have a much more complex relationship with an applied magnetic field (e.g., spin-glass behavior and antiferromagnetism).

• Mechanistic Background

  • The electrons in most non-metallic organic compounds are paired (opposite spins) in bonding and non-bonding orbitals, resulting in a net zero spin diamagnetic molecule for the ground state.