Bessemer process

Examples of Bessemer process in the following topics:

• The Second Industrial Revolution

  • Though a number of its characteristic events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 up to the start of World War I.
  • By 1900, the process of economic concentration had extended into most branches of industry—a few large corporations, some organized as "trusts" (e.g., Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacturing of agriculture machinery.
  • Other major components of this infrastructure were the new methods for manufacturing steel, especially the Bessemer process.
  • Mechanical innovations such as batch and continuous processing began to become much more prominent in factories.

• Carnegie and the Steel Industry

  • One of his two great innovations was in the cheap and efficient mass production of steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process for steel making.
  • Sir Henry Bessemer had invented the furnace which allowed the high carbon content of pig iron to be burnt away in a controlled and rapid way.
  • The steel price dropped as a direct result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for railway lines and girders for buildings and bridges.
  • Edgar Thomson Steel Works, (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss and president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines.

• Steelmaking and Refining

  • The HIsarna steelmaking process is a process of primary steelmaking in which iron ore is processed almost directly into steel.
  • The process is based on a new type of blast furnace called a Cyclone Converter Furnace, which makes it possible to skip the process of manufacturing pig iron pellets, a necessary step in the basic oxygen steelmaking process.
  • Because it skips this step, the HIsarna process is more energy-efficient and has a lower carbon footprint than traditional steelmaking processes.
  • To produce a forgeable product, a further process was needed, usually called "fining" rather than "refining. " Starting in the 16th century, this process was performed in a finery forge.
  • At the end of the 18th century, it began to be replaced by puddling in a puddling furnace, which was, in turn, gradually superseded by the production of mild steel through the Bessemer process.

• Introduction to the Writing Process

• Processes

  • A process is defined as: (1) a series of progressive, interrelated steps or actions from which an end result is attained, or (2) a prescribed procedure or a method of conducting affairs.
  • Either way, processes form the belief systems, philosophies or thought patterns that constitute the work environments in which goods and services are manufactured (seen from this angle, a business process can also be referred to as a ‘business model' or ‘the way we do things around here').
  • Most practitioners agree that for any business process to function properly, total commitment from all involved is mandatory.
  • Success is also reliant upon a perfect fit between the process, its product, and the business's customers.

• Process Art

  • Process art is concerned with actual creation and how actions can be defined as art, seeing the expression of the artistic process as more significant than the art that is created by the process.
  • Process art often focuses on motivation, intent, and the rationale, with art viewed as a creative journey or process rather than needing to lead to a traditional fine art object destination.
  • The process art movement began in the U.S. and Europe in the mid-1960s.
  • Change, transience, and embracing serendipity are themes in process art.
  • Differentiate the focus of Process Art with that of product-focused artists.

• The Importance of Productivity

  • The main processes of a company are:
  • Real process and production process are often seen as focal points in efficiency, but monetary concerns and market value are also very important.
  • Real process - Real process generates the production output from input.
  • Production process - Production process is the real process and the income distribution process.
  • Monetary and market value processes - Monetary process refers to financing a business and the inputs of production.

• Constant Pressure and Volume

  • Isobaric process is one in which a gas does work at constant pressure, while an isochoric process is one in which volume is kept constant.
  • A process in which a gas does work on its environment at constant pressure is called an isobaric process, while one in which volume is kept constant is called an isochoric process.
  • An isobaric process occurs at constant pressure.
  • This process is called an isobaric expansion .
  • An isochoric process is also known as an isometric process or an isovolumetric process.

• Types of Organizational Change

  • Business process re-engineering (BPR) is a business management strategy first pioneered in the early 1990s that focuses on the analysis and design of workflows and processes within an organization.
  • Re-engineering emphasizes a holistic focus on business objectives and how processes relate to them, encouraging full-scale recreation of processes rather than iterative optimization of sub-processes.
  • Business process re-engineering is also known as business process redesign, business transformation, and business process change management.
  • Improving the manufacturing process of each of these integral components one at a time to cut costs and improve process efficiency overall is incremental change.
  • Technological change (TC) describes the overall process of invention, innovation, and diffusion of technology or processes.

• Chance Processes

  • In probability theory, a stochastic process--sometimes called a random process-- is a collection of random variables that is often used to represent the evolution of some random value, or system, over time.
  • It is the probabilistic counterpart to a deterministic process (or deterministic system).
  • The law of a stochastic process is the measure that the process induces on the collection of functions from the index set into the state space.
  • The law encodes a lot of information about the process.
  • Summarize the stochastic process and state its relationship to random walks.