Examples of ruling in the following topics:
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- The exclusionary rule holds that evidence collected in violation of the defendant's rights is sometimes inadmissible.
- Supreme Court announced a strong version of the exclusionary rule in the case of Weeks v.
- This decision, however, created the rule only on the federal level.
- The exclusionary rule is not applicable to aliens residing outside of U.S. borders.
- Judge Benjamin Cardozo, generally considered one of the most influential American jurists, was strongly opposed to the rule, stating that under the rule, "The criminal is to go free because the constable has blundered. "
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- Variation two, $R \rightarrow X+Y$ , refers to a "wholesale" decision, the act of making a rule.
- Instead, the specific action is deduced from, or at least limited by, the rule.
- Under circumstances C rule R implies or requires us to take action A.
- His decision is not deduced from the rule, but is chosen on one ground or another from among the set of actions compatible with the rule.
- One further characteristic of arriving a specified actions via rules rather than from direct evaluation of their expected consequences is that the roles of rule-maker and rule-applier can be separated.
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- A voting system contains rules for valid voting, and how votes are counted and aggregated to yield a final result.
- Majority rule is a decision rule that selects the option which has a majority, that is, more than half the votes.
- Some scholars have recommended against the use of majority rule, at least under certain circumstances, due to an ostensible trade-off between the benefits of majority rule and other values important to a democratic society.
- Being a binary decision rule, majority rule has little use in public elections, with many referendums being an exception.
- Compare and contrast the voting systems of majority rule, proportional representation and plurality voting
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- Majority rule is a decision rule that selects the option which has more than half the votes.
- Some scholars have recommended against the use of majority rule, at least under certain circumstances, due to an ostensible trade-off between the benefits of majority rule and other values important to a democratic society.
- Recently some voting theorists have argued that majority rule is the rule that best protects minorities.
- The central tenet is that legitimacy of rule or of law is based on the consent of the governed.
- The "sovereign" is the rule of law, ideally decided on by direct democracy in an assembly.
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- However, following the stagflation of the 1970s, policymakers began to be attracted to policy rules.
- A rule-based policy can be more credible, because it is more transparent and easier to anticipate.
- Examples of rule-based policies are fixed exchange rates, interest rate rules, the stability and growth pact and the Golden Rule.
- Some policy rules can be imposed by external bodies, for instance, the Exchange Rate Mechanism for currency.
- A compromise between strict discretionary and strict rule-based policy is to grant discretionary power to an independent body.
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- Governments with Aristarchy attributes are traditionally ruled by the "best" people.
- Aristocracy refers to the rule by elite citizens; a system of governance in which a person who rules in an aristocracy is an aristocrat.
- It has come to mean rule by "the aristocracy" who are people of noble birth.
- In modern times, an Autocrat's rule is not stopped by any rules of law, constitutions, or other social and political institutions.
- Governments with oligarchic attributes are ruled by a small group of powerful and/or influential people.
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- The classical formulation of this said that we should have "the rule of law. " A more specific way of putting it is: Laws, si; pseudo-laws, no!
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- Post-WWI civil rights were expanded through court rulings such as Brown v.
- Rather than focusing on whether or not segregated schools were equal, the Supreme Court ruling focused on the question of whether a doctrine of separate could ever be said to be equal.
- The judges' ruling hinged on an interpretation that took separate as unconstitutional particularly because "Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children.
- Many white people in southern states protested integration, and legislators thought up creative ways to get around the ruling.
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- This is a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled by an individual who typically inherits the throne by birth and rules for life or until abdication.
- Aristocracy is a form of government in which a few elite citizens rule.
- In the origins in Ancient Greece, it was conceived of as rule by the best qualified citizens, and contrasted with monarchy.
- In later times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group, the aristocratic class, and contrasted with democracy.
- Similarly, plutocracy is rule by the wealthy.
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- Anderson, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the Twenty-seventh Amendment does not affect annual COLAs.
- Clinton, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ruled that receiving such a COLA does not grant members of the Congress standing in federal court to challenge that COLA; the Supreme Court did not hear either case and so has never ruled on this amendment's effect on COLAs.