transcellular fluid

Examples of transcellular fluid in the following topics:

• Body Fluid Composition

  • The pH of the intracellular fluid is 7.4.
  • The concentrations of the other ions in cytosol or intracellular fluid are quite different from those in extracellular fluid.
  • Due to the varying locations of transcellular fluid, the composition changes dramatically.
  • Some of the electrolytes present in the transcellular fluid are sodium ions, chloride ions and bicarbonate ions.
  • Ocular fluid in the eyes contrasts cerebrospinal fluid by containing high concentrations of proteins, including antibodies.

• Fluid Compartments

  • The major body fluid compartments include: intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid (plasma, interstitial fluid, and trancellular fluid).
  • The intracellular fluid of the cytosol or intracellular fluid (or cytoplasm) is the fluid found inside cells.
  • The extracellular fluid also includes the transcellular fluid; making up only about 2.5% of the ECF.
  • It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside of cells).
  • Transcellular fluid is the portion of total body water contained within epithelial lined spaces.

• Glandular Epithelia

  • Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and detection of sensation.

• Movement of Fluid Among Compartments

  • Movement of fluid among compartments depends on several variables described by Starling's equation.
  • Extracellular fluid is separated among the various compartments of the body by membranes.
  • To prevent a build up of tissue fluid surrounding the cells in the tissue, the lymphatic system plays a part in the transport of tissue fluid.
  • If positive, fluid will tend to leave the capillary (filtration).
  • If negative, fluid will tend to enter the capillary (absorption).

• Developmental Changes in Fluids

  • The balance of body fluids that are crucial for good health begins during fetal development.
  • Hormonal, renal, and behavioral control of body fluids function to some extent in utero.
  • Since diseases, such as hypertension, can be traced to fetal origin, it is important to understand the development of fetal regulatory mechanisms for body fluid homeostasis in this early stage of life.
  • It is well established that central cholinergic mechanisms are critical in the regulation of cardiovascular responses and maintenance of body fluid homeostasis in adults.
  • Overview of the renin-angiotensin system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance.

• Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine

  • The body's homeostatic control mechanisms ensure that a balance between fluid gain and fluid loss is maintained.
  • Fluid balance is the concept of human homeostasis, in that the amount of fluid lost from the body is equal to the amount of fluid taken in.
  • Euvolemia is the state of normal body fluid volume.
  • The body's homeostatic control mechanisms, which maintain a constant internal environment, ensure that a balance between fluid gain and fluid loss is maintained.
  • Describe how the concept of fluid balance, or ensuring that the fluid lost from the body is equal to the amount of fluid, is applied to urine output and concentration

• Regulation of Water Output

  • Fluid can leave the body in several ways: urination, exretion (feces), and perspiration (sweating).
  • Fluid can leave the body in several ways: urination, excretion (feces), and perspiration (sweating).
  • Some fluid is lost through perspiration (part of the body's temperature control mechanism) and as water vapor in expired air, however these fluid losses are considered to be very minor.
  • The body's homeostatic control mechanisms, which maintain a constant internal environment, ensure that a balance between fluid gain and fluid loss is maintained.
  • Conversely, if fluid levels are excessive, secretion of these hormones is suppressed, resulting in less retention of fluid by the kidneys and a subsequent increase in the volume of urine produced, due to reduced fluid retention.

• Lymphatic Capillaries

  • The function of lymph capillaries are to regulate the pressure of interstitial fluid by draining lymph from the tissues.
  • The primary function of lymphatic capillaries is to collect lymph fluid from the tissues, which allows them to regulate the pressure of intersitital fluid.
  • When pressure is greater in the interstitial fluid than in lymph due to accumulation of intersitial fluid, the minivalves separate slightly, like the opening of a one-way swinging door, and interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillary.
  • Diagram showing the formation of lymph from interstitial fluid (labeled here as "tissue fluid").
  • Note: how the tissue fluid is entering the blind ends of lymph capillaries (indicated by deep green arrows).

• Semen

  • Semen is an organic fluid, also known as seminal fluid, that may contain spermatozoa.
  • In humans, seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa, including enzynes (proteolytic and others) and fructose.
  • These elements of seminal fluid promote the survival of spermatozoa and provide a medium through which they can move or "swim."
  • The seminal vesicles produce a yellowish viscous fluid rich in fructose, amino acids, and other substances that makes up about 70% of human semen.
  • The ductuli efferentes possess cuboidal cells with microvilli and lysosomal granules that modify the semen by reabsorbing some fluid.

• Accessory Sex Glands

  • About 50-70% of the seminal fluid in humans originates from the seminal vesicles, but is not expelled in the first ejaculate fractions which are dominated by spermatozoa and zinc-rich prostatic fluid.
  • Seminal vesicle fluid is alkaline, resulting in human semen having a mildly alkaline pH.
  • Therefore, the exact physiological importance of seminal vesicular fluid is not clear.
  • The function of the prostate is to secrete a slightly acidic fluid, milky or white in appearance, that usually constitutes 20–30% of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid.
  • In comparison with the few spermatozoa expelled with mainly seminal vesicular fluid, those expelled in prostatic fluid have better motility, longer survival, and better protection of the genetic material.