Examples of cytokine in the following topics:
-
- They are a diverse array of recombinant, synthetic, and natural preparations, often cytokines.
- Cytokines are characterized by considerable "redundancy", in that many cytokines appear to share similar functions.
- It seems to be a paradox that cytokines binding to antibodies have a stronger immune effect than the cytokine alone.
- In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly because a deficiency of cytokine receptors has now been directly linked to certain debilitating immunodeficiency states.
- Oversecretion of cytokines can trigger a dangerous syndrome known as a cytokine storm.
-
- Growth factors, cytokines, and hormones are all chemical messengers that mediate intercellular communication.
- Growth factors are typically cytokines or hormones, but not all cytokines and hormones are growth factors.
- A cytokine is a small protein involved in cell signaling.
- Confusingly, cytokine and growth factor are sometimes used as interchangeable terms.
- A cytokine differs from a hormone in that it is not secreted from a gland.
-
- Cytokines can be classified as proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins.
- Each
cytokine has a matching cell-surface receptor.
- Interleukins are a class of cytokines primarily expressed by leukocytes.
- Interferons are protein cytokines that have antiviral functions.
- By definition, inflammatory mediators in other classes of cytokines are also considered chemokines.
-
- These cells named "natural killers" because they were thought to work without cytokine or chemokine activation.
- Cytokines play a role in NK cell activation.
- Many cells release cytokines
as a result of cellular stress
when infected with a virus.
- Cytokines involved in NK activation include IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, and CCL5.
- NK cells are activated in response to interferons or macrophage-derived cytokines.
-
- T helper cell assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes by facilitating cytokines that activate and direct other immune cells.
- Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete regulatory cytokines such as IFN-gamma and certain interleukins.
- These cells can differentiate into one of several subtypes, including TH1, TH2, TH3, TH17, or TFH, which secrete different cytokines to facilitate a different type of immune response.
- Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells), which have different properties and release different cytokines.
- Once activated, these cells can perform functions ascribed to both Th and Tc cells (i.e., cytokine production and release of cytolytic/cell killing molecules).
-
- The organisms or foreign materials kill the local cells, resulting in the release of cytokines.
- The cytokines trigger an inflammatory response, which draws large numbers of white blood cells to the area and increases the regional blood flow.
-
- When a pathogen is detected, or when vascular endothelial cells release stress cytokines from injury (such as a cut) leukocytes will release a variety of inflammatory cytokines (such as histamine or TNF-alpha) that cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and promote neutrophil movement to the site of inflammation.
-
- Some survival strategies often involve disrupting cytokines and other methods of cell signaling to prevent the phagocyte's responding to invasion.
- Some species of Leishmania alter the infected macrophage's signaling, repress the production of cytokines and microbicidal molecules—nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species—and compromise antigen presentation.
-
- These organs secrete or are sites of action of a variety of different hormones, neurotransmitters, and cytokines.
-
- This is because as tissues are damaged during an injury, inflammation occurs as a result of inflammatory mediator release from immune system cells (such as mast cells or NK cells) that receive cell stress cytokines from damaged enothelial cells or vasoactive amines (serotonin) that are secreted by activated platelets.