chemokine

Examples of chemokine in the following topics:

• Cytokines and Chemokines

  • Cytokines and chemokines are both small proteins secreted by cells of the immune system.
  • Proteins are classified as chemokines according to shared structural characteristics, such as small size (they are all approximately 8-10 kilodaltons in size), and the presence of four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape.
  • Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development.
  • Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria, but none have been described for other invertebrates.
  • These proteins exert their biological effects by interacting with G protein-linked transmembrane receptors called chemokine receptors, that are selectively found on the surfaces of their target cells.

• HIV Attachment and Host Cell Entry

  • Entry to the cell begins through interaction of the trimeric envelope complex and both CD4 and a chemokine receptor on the host cell on the cell surface.
  • Once gp120 is bound with the CD4 protein, the envelope complex undergoes a structural change, exposing the chemokine binding domains of gp120 and allowing them to interact with the target chemokine receptor.

• Types of Cytokines Participating in Immune Response

  • Chemokines are protein cytokines that are mainly involved in facilitating chemotaxis (chemical-stimulated movement) in immune cells.
  • By definition, inflammatory mediators in other classes of cytokines are also considered chemokines.

• Virus Attachment and Genome Entry

  • This is because its surface protein, gp120, specifically interacts with the CD4 molecule, a chemokine receptor, which is most commonly found on the surface of CD4+ T-Cells.

• Macrophages

  • They respond to local stimuli by producing cytokines that make the endothelial cells more sticky (through the increased expression of cell adhesion molecules such as P-selectin) and so-called chemokines, that promote the directed migration of inflammatory cells.

• Antimicrobial Peptides

• Chemotaxis

  • Most frequently investigated chemoattractants are formyl peptides and chemokines.
  • The most frequently investigated chemorepellents are inorganic salts, amino acids and some chemokines.

• Nonrespiratory Air Movements

  • Anti-microbial peptides: Various chemokines and proteins that are secreted by the mucus membranes of the airways.

• General Features of Virus Replication

  • Its surface protein, gp120, specifically interacts only with the CD4 molecule – a chemokine receptor – which is most commonly found on the surface of CD4+ T-Cells.

• Functions of the Lymphatic System

  • Lymphatic vessels, which uptake various antigens from peripheral tissues, are positively regulated by chemokines/cytokines secreted by various immune cells during inflammation.