innate immune

Examples of innate immune in the following topics:

• Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses

  • The immune system protects organisms from infection first with the innate immune system, then with adaptive immunity.
  • If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response.
  • Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules.
  • Active immunity often involves both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from the innate immune system .
  • Generalize the role of the innate and adaptive immune system in regards to antibody response

• Iron-Binding Proteins

  • Iron binding proteins of the innate immune system include lactoferrin and transferrins.
  • Lactoferrin is one of the components of the immune system of the body.
  • It has antimicrobial activity (bacteriocide, fungicide) and is part of the innate defense, mainly at mucoses.

• Natural Killer Cells

  • Natural killer cells (or NK cells) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.
  • Natural killer cells (or NK cells) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.
  • Natural killer cells are not only effectors of innate immunity; recent research has also uncovered information on both activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors, which play roles in maintaining self-tolerance and sustaining NK cell activity.
  • NK cells also play a role in the adaptive immune response.
  • The ability for NK cells to act in both innate and adaptive immune response is becoming increasingly important in research utilizing NK cell activity in potential cancer therapies.

• The Complement System

  • The serum complement system, which represents a chief component of innate immunity, not only participates in inflammation but also acts to enhance the adaptive immune response.
  • The complement system plays a crucial role in the innate defense against common pathogens.
  • More recently, however, the role of the complement in the immune response has been expanded due to observations that link complement activation to adaptive immune responses.
  • It is now understood that the complement is a functional bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses that allows an integrated host defense to pathogenic challenges.
  • It has become increasingly understood that complement functions in host defense extend beyond innate immune responses.

• Toll-Like Receptors

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system as well as the digestive system.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system as well as the digestive system .
  • Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses.
  • Because of the specificity of Toll-like receptors (and other innate immune receptors) they cannot easily be changed in the course of evolution, these receptors recognize molecules that are constantly associated with threats (i.e., pathogen or cell stress) and are highly specific to these threats (i.e., cannot be mistaken for self molecules).

• Overview of the Immune System

  • If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response.
  • If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response.
  • Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules, where self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system.
  • Through these approaches, innate immunity can prevent the colonization, entry, and spread of microbes.
  • Adaptive immunity is often sub-divided into two major types depending on how the immunity was introduced.

• Antimicrobial Peptides

  • A first line of defense against pathogenic insult is called the innate immune system, which is followed by acquired immune responses associated with the activation of T and B cells aimed against specific antigens.
  • In contrast to the clonal, acquired adaptive immunity, endogenous peptide antibiotics or antimicrobial peptides provide a fast and energy-effective mechanism as front-line defense.
  • In addition to important antimicrobial properties, growing evidence indicates that AMPs alter the host immune response through receptor-dependent interactions.
  • AMPs have been shown to be important in such diverse functions as angiogenesis, wound healing, cytokine release, chemotaxis, and regulation of the adaptive immune system.

• Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions

  • Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
  • Historically, the immune system was separated into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
  • Therefore in cell mediated immunity cytokines are not always present.
  • 3. stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses
  • Cell-mediated immunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive in phagocytes and microbes that infect non-phagocytic cells.

• Cells and Organs of the Immune System

  • The immune system includes primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphatic tissues and various cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems.
  • Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T and other immune cells.
  • The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells.
  • These cells serve as a link between the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems, as they present antigen to T-cells, one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system.
  • There are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell, which kills cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens) or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional, and the helper T cell, which regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses and helps determine which immune responses the body makes to a particular pathogen.

• Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

  • Primary immunodeficiencies are disorders in which part of the body's immune system is missing, or does not function properly.
  • Primary immunodeficiencies are disorders in which a part of the body's immune system is missing or does not function properly.
  • The nature of the infections, as well as the additional features, may provide clues as to the exact nature of the immune defect.
  • Several rare conditions are due to defects in the innate immune system, which is a basic line of defense independent of the more advanced lymphocyte-related systems.
  • The complement system is part of the innate as well as the adaptive immune system; it is a group of circulating proteins that can bind pathogens and form a membrane attack complex.