Examples of genetic code in the following topics:
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- Selenocysteine and pyrrolysine are not encoded by the universal genetic code.
- The order in which the amino acids are added is read through the genetic code from an mRNA template, which is a RNA copy of one of the organism's genes.
- Of these, 20 are encoded by the universal genetic code.
- Produced by a specific tRNA and aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, it forms part of an unusual genetic code in these organisms.
- Pyrrolysine (abbreviated as Pyl or O) is a naturally occurring, genetically coded amino acid used by some methanogenic archaea and one known bacterium in enzymes that are part of their methane-producing metabolism.
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- Also, most nascent polypeptides start with the amino acid methionine because the "start" codon on mRNA also codes for this amino acid.
- The genetic code diagram showing the amino acid residues as target of modification.
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- Genome annotation is the identification and understanding of the genetic elements of a sequenced genome.
- They annotate protein-coding genes and other important genome-encoded features.
- DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying the locations of genes and all of the coding regions in a genome and determining what those genes do .
- Structural annotation consists of the identification of genomic elements: ORFs and their localization, gene structure, coding regions, and the location of regulatory motifs.
- Identifying the locations of genes and other genetic control elements is often described as defining the biological "parts list" for the assembly and normal operation of an organism.
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- In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell.
- In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell.
- The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to another cell is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell.
- These plasmid transcription vectors characteristically lack crucial sequences that code for polyadenylation sequences and translation termination sequences in translated mRNAs, making protein expression from transcription vectors impossible.
- Viral vectors are generally genetically-engineered viruses carrying modified viral DNA or RNA that has been rendered noninfectious, but still contain viral promoters and also the transgene.
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- An insertion site is the position at which a transposable genetic element is integrated.
- Insertion sequences have two major characteristics: they are small relative to other transposable elements (generally around 700 to 2500 bp in length) and only code for proteins implicated in the transposition activity (they are thus different from other transposons, which also carry accessory genes such as antibiotic-resistance genes).
- The coding region in an insertion sequence is usually flanked by inverted repeats.
- For example, the well-known IS911 (1250 bp) is flanked by two 36bp inverted repeat extremities and the coding region has two genes partially overlapping orfA and orfAB, coding the transposase (OrfAB) and a regulatory protein (OrfA).
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- The viral genome is the complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
- Genomic technologies are providing infectious disease researchers an unprecedented capability to study at a genetic level the viruses that cause disease and their interactions with infected hosts.
- For RNA viruses, each segment often codes for only one protein, and they are usually found together in one capsid.
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- They can be harnessed as a genetic tool for analysis of gene and protein function.
- A gene is inactivated by inserting a fragment of DNA into the middle of its coding sequence.
- Any future products from the inactivated gene will not work because of the extra codes added to it.
- As a result, when a genetic region is interrupted by integration of pBR322, the gene function is lost but new gene function (resistance to specific antibiotics) is gained.
- Sleeping Beauty, is designed to interrupt a gene in such a way that it causes maximal genetic havoc.
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- In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85-90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part.
- Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes.
- In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.
- Two other major processes (mutation and genetic drift) can be used to explain the genome sizes of various types of bacteria.
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- The purpose of genetic engineering in animals is to create animals with special characteristics.
- Scientists are now capable of creating new species of animals by taking genetic material from one, or more, plants or animals, and genetically engineering them into the genes of another animal.
- Genetically engineered animals are also created to help medical researchers in their quest to find cures for genetic disease, like breast cancer.
- Despite this debate, the law in both the United States and in Europe, tends to support genetic engineering research and development by allowing genetically engineered animals to be patented.
- Laboratory mice are genetically manipulated by deleting a gene for use in biomedical research.
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- The nif genes are responsible for the coding of proteins related and associated with the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into a form of nitrogen available to plants.