Examples of antibody in the following topics:
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- Fluorescent antibodies are antibodies that have been tagged with a fluorescent compound to facilitate their detection in the laboratory.
- The fluorescent antibody technique consists of labeling antibody with dyes such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
- The chemical manipulation in labeling antibodies with fluorescent dyes to permit detection by direct microscopy examination does not impair antibody activity.
- Fluorescent antibody conjugates are commonly used in immunoassays.
- In the direct technique, a fluorescent antibody is used to detect antigen-antibody reactions at a microscopic level.
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- Neutralization reactions are used to inactivate viruses and evaluate neutralizing antibodies.
- This usually involves the formation of a virus-antibody complex.
- This virus-antibody complex can prevent viral infections in many ways.
- Antibodies can also neutralize viral infectivity by binding to cell surface receptors.
- Neutralizing antibodies have shown potential in the treatment of retroviral infections.
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- Complex genetic mechanisms evolved which allow vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from relatively few antibody genes.
- Virtually all microbes can trigger an antibody response.
- Several complex genetic mechanisms have evolved that allow vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes.
- Some point mutations will result in the production of antibodies that have a lower affinity with their antigen than the original antibody, and some mutations will generate antibodies with a higher affinity.
- Schematic diagram of an antibody and antigens.
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- Agglutination is the visible expression of the aggregation of antigens and antibodies.
- These conjugated particles are reacted with patient serum presumably containing antibodies.
- Flocculation tests are designed for antibody detection and are based on the interaction of soluble antigens with antibodies, producing a precipitate of fine particles that can be seen with the naked eye.
- It measures the antibody level produced by a host infected with that pathogen.
- Red blood cells are used as carriers to detect antibodies from a patient's serum.
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- Complement fixation is a method that demonstrates antibody presence in patient serum.
- Complement fixation is a classic method for demonstrating the presence of antibody in patient serum.
- If the serum contains antibody to the antigen, the resulting antigen-antibody complexes will bind all of the complement.
- Sheep red blood cells and the anti-sheep antibody are then added.
- If complement has not been bound by an antigen-antibody complex formed from the patient serum and known antigens, it is available to bind to the indicator system of sheep cells and anti-sheep antibody.
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- A region at the tip of the antibody protein is very variable, allowing millions of antibodies with different antigen-binding sites to exist.
- Antibodies are heavy (~150 kDa) globular plasma proteins.
- Heavy and light chains, variable and constant regions of an antibody
- The general structure of all antibodies is very similar.
- Heavy and light chains, variable and constant regions of an antibody
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- Immunoassays are laboratory techniques based on the detection of antibody production in response to foreign antigens.
- The humoral component includes complement, lyzozyme, interferon, antibodies, and cytokines.
- Because antibodies can be produced against any type of macromolecule, antibody-based techniques are useful in identifying molecules in solution or in cells.
- A blood sample is collected from the patient during the acute phase of the disease when antibody levels are high.
- Serum is then isolated and the concentration of antibodies is measured through various methods.
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- Antibodies can come in different varieties, known as isotypes or classes.
- In placental mammals there are five antibody isotypes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM.
- The antibody isotype of a B cell changes during cell development and activation.
- B cell activation follows engagement of the cell-bound antibody molecule with an antigen, causing the cell to divide and differentiate into an antibody-producing cell, called a plasma cell.
- During CSR, portions of the antibody-heavy chain locus are removed from the chromosome, and the gene segments surrounding the deleted portion are rejoined to retain a functional antibody gene that produces antibody of a different isotype.
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- Artificial passive immunity is achieved by infusion of serum or plasma containing high concentrations of antibody.
- This form of passive immunity provides immediate antibody protection against microorganisms such as hepatitis A by administering preformed antibodies.
- Breast milk also contains antibodies, which means that babies who are breastfed have passive immunity for longer periods of time.
- The thick, yellowish milk (colostrum) that is produced during the first few days after birth is particularly rich in antibodies.
- Describe how artificial and natural passive immunity function to provide antibody protection against microorganisms
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- ELISA uses a specific antibody with a covalently coupled enzyme.
- A fixed quantity of one antibody is attached to a series of replicate solid supports, such as plastic microtiter multi-well plate.
- Unbound antigen is removed by washing, and a second antibody which is linked to an enzyme is allowed to bind.
- This second antibody-enzyme complex constitutes the indicator system of the test.
- The antigen serves as bridge, so the more antigen in the test solution, the more enzyme-linked antibody will bind .