ventral

Examples of ventral in the following topics:

• Branches of Spinal Nerves

  • The spinal nerves branch into the dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, the meningeal branches, and the rami communicantes.
  • The ventral ramus: Contains nerves that serve the remaining ventral parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs carrying visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.
  • Some ventral rami merge with adjacent ventral rami to form a nerve plexus, a network of interconnecting nerves.

• Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum

  • The ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts convey proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum.
  • The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum.
  • The fibers of the ventral spinocerebellar tract then eventually enter the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle.
  • Axons first cross midline in the spinal cord and run in the ventral border of the lateral funiculi.
  • It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the ventral spinocerebellar tract.

• Embryonic Development

  • Three main ventral cell types are established during early neural tube development, these include the floor plate cells , which form at the ventral midline during the neural fold stage, as well as the more dorsally located motor neurons and interneurons.
  • Five molecularly distinct groups of ventral neurons form from these neuronal progenitor cells in vitro.
  • Shh secreted from the floor plate creates a gradient along the ventral neural tube.
  • Shh functions in a concentration-dependent manner to specify ventral neuronal fates.
  • V0-V3 represent four different classes of ventral interneurons, and MN indicates motor neurons.

• Body Cavities

  • "The human body cavity," normally refers to the ventral body cavity because it is by far the largest one in volume.
  • The ventral cavity, the interior space in the front of the body, contains many different organ systems.
  • The organs within the ventral cavity are also called viscera.
  • The thoracic cavity is the anterior ventral body cavity found within the rib cage in the torso.
  • The abdominoplevic cavity is the posterior ventral body cavity found beneath the thoracic cavity and diaphragm.

• Establishing Body Axes during Development

  • Animal bodies have three axes for symmetry (lateral-medial, dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior) which are established in development.
  • However, animal bodies have lateral-medial (left-right), dorsal-ventral (back-belly), and anterior-posterior (head-feet) axes .
  • The ventral part of the neural tube contains the basal plate, which is primarily associated with motor (i.e., muscle) control.
  • Retinoic acid is required ventrally along with Shh to induce Pax6 and Olig2 during differentiation of motor neurons.
  • Three main ventral cell types are established during early neural tube development: the floor plate cells, which form at the ventral midline during the neural fold stage; as well as the more dorsally located motor neurons and interneurons.

• Vertebrate Axis Formation

  • This suggested that the dorsal cells were genetically programmed to form the notochord and define the dorsal-ventral axis.
  • High Wnt signaling establishes the dorsal region while high Shh signaling indicates in the ventral region.
  • Wnt is also involved in the dorsal-ventral formation of the central nervous system through its involvement in axon guidance.
  • Wnt is also involved in the formation of the limb dorsal-ventral axis.
  • Animal bodies have three axes for symmetry: anterior/posterior (front/behind), dorsal/ventral (back/belly), and lateral/medial (side/middle).

• Plexuses

  • The cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami of the upper four cervical nerves and the upper part of fifth cervical ventral ramus.
  • The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5-C8-T1 spinal nerves, and lower and upper halves of C4 and T2 spinal nerves.
  • The lumbar plexus is formed by the ventral rami of L1-L5 spinal nerves with a contribution of T12 form lumbar plexus.
  • The sacral plexus is formed by the ventral rami of L4-S3, with parts of L4 and S4 spinal nerves.
  • The lumbar plexus is comprised of the ventral rami of the lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L5) and a contribution from thoracic nerve (T12).

• Development of Metabolism

  • At approximately the sixteenth day of human development, the embryo begins to fold ventrally (with the embryo's ventral surface becoming concave) in two directions: the sides of the embryo fold in on each other and the head and tail fold toward one another.
  • As a result, a piece of the yolk sac (the endoderm-lined structure in contact with the ventral aspect of the embryo) is then "pinched off" to become the primitive gut.

• Organization of Motor Neuron Pathways

  • These axons synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horns of all levels of the spinal cord.
  • The remaining 10% of axons descend on the ipsilateral side as the ventral corticospinal tract.
  • These axons also synapse with lower motor neurons in the ventral horns.
  • The anterior corticospinal tract descends ipsilaterally in the anterior column, where the axons emerge and either synapse on ventromedial lower motor neurons in the ventral horn ipsilaterally or descussate at the anterior white commissure where they synapse on ventromedial lower motor neurons contralaterally.
  • These lower motor neurons, unlike those of the dorsal lateral, are located in the ventral horn all the way throughout the spinal cord.

• Digestive System Development

  • At approximately the 16th day of human development, the embryo begins to fold ventrally (with the embryo's ventral surface becoming concave) in two directions: the sides of the embryo fold in on each other and the head and tail fold toward one another.
  • The result is that a piece of the yolk sac, an endoderm-lined structure in contact with the ventral aspect of the embryo, begins to be pinched off to become the primitive gut .