Sphere of Public Authority

Examples of Sphere of Public Authority in the following topics:

• Public Sphere and Civil Society

  • The public sphere is composed of voluntary associations that promote social capital and social cohesion while enhancing democracy.
  • The public sphere mediates between the private sphere and the Sphere of Public Authority, "The private sphere comprised civil society in the narrower sense, that is to say, the realm of commodity exchange and of social labor. " Whereas the Sphere of Public Authority dealt with the state, or realm of the police and the ruling class, the public sphere crossed over both these realms and "through the vehicle of public opinion it put the state in touch with the needs of society. " "This area is conceptually distinct from the state: it [is] a site for the production and circulation of discourses that can in principle be critical of the state. " The public sphere "is also distinct from the official economy; it is not an arena of market relations but rather one of discursive relations, a theater for debating and deliberating rather than for buying and selling. " These distinctions between "state apparatuses, economic markets, and democratic associations...are essential to democratic theory. " The people themselves came to see the public sphere as a regulatory institution against the authority of the state.
  • The study of the public sphere centers on the idea of participatory democracy, and how public opinion becomes political action.
  • The basic belief in public sphere theory is that political action is steered by the public sphere and that the only legitimate governments are those that listen to the public sphere.
  • "Democratic governance rests on the capacity of and opportunity for citizens to engage in enlightened debate. " Much of the debate over the public sphere involves what is the basic theoretical structure of the public sphere, how information is deliberated in the public sphere, and what influence the public sphere has over society.

• Crystal Structure: Packing Spheres

  • Consider the arrangement of spheres within a lattice to form a view of the structure and complexity of crystalline materials.
  • Within a crystalline material, each atom can be thought of as a sphere.
  • Each sphere that participates in a crystal structure has a coordination number, which corresponds to the number of spheres within the crystalline structure that touch the sphere that is being evaluated.
  • For a sphere in the interior of a crystal lattice, the number of spheres contacting the sphere that is being evaluated is known as the bulk coordination number.
  • For a sphere at the surface of a crystal, the number of spheres contacting the sphere being evaluated is known as the surface coordination number.

• Problems

  • Consider a sphere of ionized hydrogen plamsa that is undergoing spherical gravitational collapse.
  • The sphere cools by emission of bremsstrahlung radiation in its interior.
  • What is the total luminosity of the sphere as a function of $M_0, R(t)$ and $T_0$while the sphere is optically thin?
  • What is the luminosity of the sphere as a function of time after it becomes optically thick in terms of $M_0, R(t)$ and $T_0$?
  • Give an implicit relation in terms of $R(t)$ for the time $t_1$ when the sphere becomes optically thick.

• Gravitational Attraction of Spherical Bodies: A Uniform Sphere

  • Since force is a vector quantity, the vector summation of all parts of the shell/sphere contribute to the net force, and this net force is the equivalent of one force measurement taken from the sphere's midpoint, or center of mass (COM).
  • Given that a sphere can be thought of as a collection of infinitesimally thin, concentric, spherical shells (like the layers of an onion), then it can be shown that a corollary of the Shell Theorem is that the force exerted in an object inside of a solid sphere is only dependent on the mass of the sphere inside of the radius at which the object is.
  • The contribution of all shells of the sphere at a radius (or distance) greater than $d$ from the sphere's center-of-mass can be ignored (see above corollary of the Shell Theorem).
  • Only the mass of the sphere within the desired radius $M_{of the sphere inside $d$) is relevant, and can be considered as a point mass at the center of the sphere.
  • The surface area of a thin slice of the sphere is shown in color.

• B.5 Chapter 5

  • Consider a sphere of ionized hydrogen plasma that is undergoing spherical gravitational collapse.
  • The sphere cools by emission of bremsstrahlung radiation in its interior.
  • What is the total luminosity of the sphere as a function of $M_0, R(t)$ and $T_0$ while the sphere is optically thin?
  • What is the luminosity of the sphere as a function of time after it becomes optically thick in terms of $M_0, R(t)$ and $T_0$?
  • Give an implicit relation in terms of $R(t)$$t_1$ for the time $t_1$ when the sphere becomes optically thick.

• Dual Federalism: From the Civil War to the 1930s

  • Dual federalism is a theory of federal constitutional law in the United States where governmental power is divided into two separate spheres.
  • One sphere of power belongs to the federal government while the other severally belongs to each constituent state.
  • Under this theory, provisions of the Constitution are interpreted, construed and applied to maximize the authority of each government within its own respective sphere, while simultaneously minimizing, limiting or negating its power within the opposite sphere.
  • Within such jurisprudence, the federal government has authority only where the Constitution so enumerates.
  • The Court used the theory to underpin its rationale in cases where it narrowed the meaning of commerce and expanded state authority through enlarging state police power.

• Crystal Structure: Closest Packing

  • Imagine a single layer of spheres packed into the bottom of a unit cell.
  • In the first method, each successive layer of spheres covers gaps in the previous layer.
  • The third layer of spheres does not align with the first layer.
  • A CCP arrangement has a total of 4 spheres per unit cell and an HCP arrangement has 8 spheres per unit cell.
  • In order to find this, the volume of the spheres needs to be divided by the total volume (including empty spaces) occupied by the packed spheres.

• Van de Graff Generators

  • One of these pulleys is surrounded by a hollow metal sphere.
  • Two electrodes are positioned near the bottom of the lower pulley and inside the sphere, over the upper pulley.
  • The sphere acts as a Faraday shield, shielding the upper roller and comb from the electric field produced by charges on the outside of the sphere.
  • Final potential is proportional to the size of the sphere and its distance from the ground.
  • Numbers in the diagram indicate: 1) hollow metal sphere; 2) upper electrode; 3) upper roller (for example an acrylic glass); 4) side of the belt with positive charges; 5) opposite side of the belt with negative charges; 6) lower roller (metal); 7) lower electrode (ground); 8) spherical device with negative charges, used to discharge the main sphere; 9) spark produced by the difference of potentials

• Federalism

  • The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units.
  • Originally, federalism was the most influential political movement arising out of discontent with the Articles of Confederation, which focused on limiting the authority of the federal government.
  • Once the convention concluded and released the Constitution for public consumption, the Federalist movement became focused on getting the Constitution ratified.
  • One sphere of power belongs to the federal government of the United States while the other severally belongs to each constituent state.
  • Each sphere is mutually equal, exclusive, and limiting upon the other sphere, and each entity is supreme within its own sphere.

• The Family Economy: Women and Children

  • During the Industrial Revolution, the economic and social roles of woman shifted and became largely focused on the domestic sphere.
  • Culturally originating in Europe and North America, the distinct ideology emerged during the Industrial Revolution, although the basic idea of gendered separation of spheres is much older.
  • The notion of separate spheres dictates that men, based primarily on their biological makeup as well as on the will of God, inhabit the public sphere—the world of politics, economy, commerce, and law.
  • Women were confined to the private realm of the oikos while men occupied the public sphere of the polis.
  • The publication also equated womanhood with motherhood and with being a wife, declaring that the "perfection of womanhood (...) is the wife and mother."