Third sector

Examples of Third sector in the following topics:

• Social Innovation

  • Social innovation can take place within the government sector, the for-profit sector, the nonprofit sector (also known as the third sector), or in the spaces between them.
  • Research has focused on the types of platforms needed to facilitate such cross-sector collaborative social innovation.
  • The act of social innovation in a sector encompasses diverse disciplines within society.
  • Stephen Goldsmith, former Indianapolis mayor, engaged the private sector in providing many city services.

• Disinvestment and Deindustrialization

  • Second, deindustrialization may be indicated by a shift from manufacturing to the service sector— economic sectors that focus on serving others rather than producing some physical object.
  • This shift towards service sector employment would result a shrinking manufacturing sector.
  • Third, deindustrialization can be marked by a balance of trade deficit, or a situation in which a country imports more manufactured products than it exports.
  • The decline in employment in manufacturing sectors that comes about from this progress can indicate deindustrialization.
  • Another explanation focuses on economic restructuring—institutional and governmental encouragement of the development of a more robust service sector, often at the expense of the manufacturing sector.

• Trends in Labor-Management Relations

  • In the early 1950s, a third of the United States' total labor force was unionized; by 2012, the proportion was 10%, falling 5% for the private sector.
  • By 2011, fewer than 7% of employees in the private sector belonged to unions.
  • The UAW's numbers of automobile union members are representative of the manufacturing sector:
  • After 1960, public sector unions grew rapidly and secured good wages and high pensions.
  • White-collar jobs in the service sector, often filled by women workers, include:

• "The Hour of Maximum Danger"

  • Shortly after Kennedy returned home from the Vienna Summit, the USSR announced its intention to sign a treaty with East Berlin, abrogating any third-party occupation rights in either sector of the city.
  • In the weeks immediately after the Vienna summit and the USSR treaty with East Berlin, more than 20,000 people fled from East Berlin to the western sector in reaction to statements from the USSR.

• The Structure of Cities

  • The third ring (C) contains housing for the working-class—the zone of independent workers' homes.
  • As these activities flourish and expand outward, they form wedges, becoming city sectors .
  • The irregular pattern model was developed to explain urban structure in the Third World.
  • It attempts to model the lack of planning found in many rapidly built Third World cities.
  • In Hoyt's model, cities grow in wedge-shaped sectors radiating from the center.

• The End of the Cold War

  • Soviet investment in the defense sector was not necessarily driven by military necessity but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges.
  • At the same time, Saudi Arabia increased oil production, which resulted in a drop of oil prices in 1985 to one-third of the previous level.
  • Reform required Gorbachev to redirect the country's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more profitable areas in the civilian sector.
  • Gorbachev and Reagan held four summit conferences between 1985 and 1988: the first in Geneva, Switzerland; the second in Reykjavík, Iceland; the third in Washington, D.C.; and the fourth in Moscow.
  • On the third meeting, Gorbachev and Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at the White House, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons.

• Commercial Farmers

  • New technologies rapidly transformed and commercialized the agricultural sector in the American South and West.
  • The rapid growth of the textile industry in Britain created a major demand for cotton fiber, and by 1840, this plantation crop represented two-thirds of all American exports.

• Economic Stagnation

  • Fixed private investment (machinery and construction) grew by 30% from 1976 to 1979, home sales and construction grew another one third by 1978, and industrial production, motor vehicle output, and sales did so by nearly 15%.
  • The sudden fall in gross domestic product (GDP) during the second quarter caused unemployment to jump from 6% to 7.5% by May, with output in the auto and housing sectors falling by over 20% to their weakest level since the 1975 recession.
  • Although the hard-hit auto and housing sectors would not recover substantially, GDP and employment totals regained pre-recession levels by the first quarter of 1981.
  • The Carter Administration remained fiscally conservative during both growth and recession periods, vetoing numerous spending increases while enacting deregulation in the energy and transportation sectors and sharply reducing the top capital gains tax rate.

• Lockouts

  • The United Auto Workers' numbers of automobile union members are representative of the decline in unions in the manufacturing sector: 1,619,000 active members in 1970, 1,446,000 in 1980, 952,000 in 1990, 623,000 in 2004, and 377,000 in 2010 (with far more retired than active members).
  • Although this has happened, it is rare due to laws regarding firing and "right to strike" having a wide range of differences in the United States, depending on whether union members are public or private sector.
  • In the United States, it is legal to fire striking public sector employees if the strike is illegal.
  • Two of the three employers involved in the Caravan park grocery workers strike of 2003-2004 locked out their employees in response to a strike against the third member of the employer bargaining group.

• Deficit Spending, the Public Debt, and Policy Making

  • Otherwise the debt issuance can increase the level of (i) public debt, (ii) private sector net worth, (iii) debt service (interest payments) and (iv) interest rates.
  • One area with more common ground is corporate tax rates, where both parties have generally agreed that lower rates and fewer tax expenditures would align the U.S. more directly with foreign competitioIn addition to policies regarding revenue and spending, policies that encourage economic growth are the third major way to reduce deficits.
  • Republicans typically advocate Supply-side economics, which involves tax cuts and deregulation to encourage the private sector to increase its spending and investment.