regulation

Examples of regulation in the following topics:

• Government Regulation

  • the US Environmental Protection Agency's Audit Policy is an example of government regulation.
  • Regulation is the promulgation, monitoring, and enforcement of rules.
  • Regulation can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by a government authority, contractual obligations that bind many parties (e.g., "insurance regulations" that arise out of contracts between insurers and their insureds), self-regulation by an industry such as through a trade association, social regulation, co-regulation, third-party regulation, certification, accreditation, or market regulation.
  • In this way, regulations can be seen as implementation artifacts of policy statements.
  • Market failures - regulation due to inefficiency.

• Regulation of Sigma Factor Translation

  • Sigma factors are proteins that regulate gene expression that are controlled at various levels, including at the translational level.
  • Sigma factors are groups of proteins that regulate transcription and therefore function in house-keeping, metabolic, and regulation of growth processes in bacteria.
  • In E. coli, the RpoS is the regulator of growth phase genes, specifically in the stationary phase.
  • Using RpoS proteins as the focus, the RpoS expression and transcription is regulated at the translational level.
  • There are numerous classes of small noncoding RNAs that function in RpoS regulation, including DsrA, RprA and OxyS.

• Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Population Regulation

  • Population regulation is a density-dependent process, meaning that population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population.
  • In population ecology, density-dependent processes occur when population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population.
  • An example of density-dependent regulation is shown with results from a study focusing on the giant intestinal roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), a parasite of humans and other mammals.
  • In real-life situations, population regulation is very complicated and density-dependent and independent factors can interact.

• Regulation

  • The government can use command-and-control policies to regulate behavior directly.
  • In practice, implementing regulation effectively is difficult.
  • It requires the regulator to have in-depth knowledge of a certain industry or sphere of economic activity.
  • If done incorrectly, regulation can introduce inefficiency.
  • Advocates of market-based policies for reducing negative externalities point to the difficulty of creating and enforcing effective regulation for reasons why the government should create systems of incentives and disincentives instead of using the force of regulation.

• Regulator Molecules of the Cell Cycle

  • These regulatory molecules either promote progress of the cell to the next phase (positive regulation) or halt the cycle (negative regulation).
  • Cyclins regulate the cell cycle only when they are tightly bound to Cdks.
  • Negative regulators halt the cell cycle.
  • Rb exerts its regulatory influence on other positive regulator proteins.
  • For the cell to move past each of the checkpoints, all positive regulators must be "turned on" and all negative regulators must be "turned off."

• RNA Regulation and Antisense RNA

  • The following is a brief overview of antisense RNAs and their role in RNA regulation.
  • Antisense RNAs are utilized for gene regulation and specifically target mRNA molecules that are used for protein synthesis.
  • Pairing antisense RNA is a technique that can be utilized within the laboratory for gene regulation -- however, it is not without limitations.
  • Hence, E. coli utilizing this system can regulate the expression of hok (toxin) and inhibits its translation by producing sok RNA (antitoxin).
  • An example of a system found in nature that utilizes an antisense RNA to control gene regulation.

• Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression

  • Prokaryotes regulate gene expression by controlling the amount of transcription, whereas eukaryotic control is much more complex.
  • To understand how gene expression is regulated, we must first understand how a gene codes for a functional protein in a cell.
  • The regulation of gene expression can occur at all stages of the process .
  • Prokaryotic transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm, and regulation occurs at the transcriptional level.
  • Further regulation may occur through post-translational modifications of proteins.

• Chapter Questions

  • Identify methods a bank holding company uses to circumvent government regulations.
  • How does a nonbank bank and automated teller machines circumvent bank regulations?

• Regulation and Antitrust Policy

  • A regulation is a legal provision with many possible functions.
  • Regulations take many forms, including legal restrictions from a government authority, contractual obligations, industry self-regulations, social regulations, co-regulations, and market regulations.
  • State, or governmental, regulation attempts to produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur.
  • Economists also occasionally develop regulation innovations, such as emissions trading.
  • Assess the balance the federal government attempts to strike between regulation and deregulation

• Local Regulation of Blood Flow

  • Blood flow is regulated locally in the arterioles and capillaries using smooth muscle contraction, hormones, oxygen, and changes in pH.
  • Blood flow is regulated by vasoconstriction or vasodilation of smooth muscle fibers in the walls of blood vessels, typically arterioles.
  • This regulation can be systemic, affecting the whole of the circulatory system, or localized to specific tissues or organs.