political sphere

Examples of political sphere in the following topics:

• Colonial Government

  • This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession, so that the intense involvement of lawyers in politics became characteristic of the American political system by the 1770s.
  • Unlike Europe, where aristocratic families and established churches dominated the political sphere, American political culture was relatively open to economic, social, religious, ethnic, and geographical interests (although still excluding the participation of American Indians, women, and African Americans).
  • Hence, the colonial American political system was remarkably different from Europe, where widespread public participation in the political sphere by free white males was expected and enjoyed.
  • Local leaders found themselves directly negotiating and engaging with a wider body politic that included elites as well as petty farmers and ethnic immigrants who had a voice in the political process.
  • Discuss the differences in political and civic life in Great Britain and the colonies

• Public Sphere and Civil Society

  • Putnam has argued that even non-political organizations in civil society are vital for democracy.
  • This is because they build social capital, trust, and shared values, which are transferred into the political sphere and help to hold society together, facilitating an understanding of the interconnectedness of society, and interests within it.
  • The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action.
  • The study of the public sphere centers on the idea of participatory democracy, and how public opinion becomes political action.
  • The basic belief in public sphere theory is that political action is steered by the public sphere and that the only legitimate governments are those that listen to the public sphere.

• Defining Public Opinion

  • German social theorist, Jürgen Habermas (born in 1929), contributed the idea of "Public Sphere" to the discussion of public opinion.
  • The Public Sphere, or bourgeois public is, according to Habermas, where "something approaching public opinion can be formed" (2004, p. 351).
  • Habermas claimed that the Public Sphere featured universal access, rational debate, and disregard for rank.
  • Public opinion plays an important role in the political sphere.
  • Public opinion can be influenced by public relations and the political media.

• The Family Economy: Women and Children

  • "Separate spheres" refers to an ideology that defines and prescribes different realms for women and men.
  • The notion of separate spheres dictates that men, based primarily on their biological makeup as well as on the will of God, inhabit the public sphere—the world of politics, economy, commerce, and law.
  • In Politics, Aristotle described two separate spheres in Greek society: the home (oikos) and the city (polis).
  • Women were confined to the private realm of the oikos while men occupied the public sphere of the polis.
  • Strong support for the separation of spheres came from anti-suffragists who relied on the notion of inherent sexual differences to argue that women were unfit for political participation.

• The Status of Women

  • They continued to be relegated to the home and domestic spheres and were unwelcome in political and economic contexts.
  • Whig political theorists argued that men's independence, based on land ownership, freed them to vote, and because women were dependent on their husbands, sons, and fathers, they were unable to behave independently in the political and economic realms.
  • The ideal Whig woman would help the patriotic cause from inside her separate sphere, engaging in domestic chores and preparing to educate the next generation according to the values espoused by the men who fought for independence .
  • For the most part, women confined their politics to their letters and diaries, but a few women, such as Abigail Adams, pictured in , and Mercy Otis Warren, entered the political arena as public figures.
  • For the most part, women were excluded from the political realm, but a few women, such as Abigail Adams, entered the political arena as public figures.

• Gender and Politics

  • Revolutionary-era American society limited women's actions to the domestic or private sphere.
  • They continued to be relegated to the home and domestic spheres, and were unwelcome in political and economic contexts.
  • The ideal Whig woman would help the patriotic cause from inside her separate sphere, engaging in domestic chores and preparing to educate the next generation according to the values espoused by the men who fought for independence.
  • For the most part, women confined their politics to their letters and diaries, but a few women, such as Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, and Mercy Otis Warren, entered the political arena as public figures.
  • Mercy Otis Warren was a political writer and propagandist of the American Revolution.

• German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship

  • Only a small portion of the protocol which superseded the first treaty was publicly announced while the spheres of influence of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union remained classified.
  • During the western invasion of Poland, the German Wehrmacht had taken control of the Lublin Voivodeship and eastern Warsaw Voivodeship - territories which according to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were in the Soviet sphere of influence.
  • The pact delineated the spheres of interest between the two powers, confirmed by the supplementary protocol of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty amended after the joint invasion of Poland.
  • In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Romania, into German and Soviet "spheres of influence," anticipating "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries.
  • Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis.

• Crystal Structure: Packing Spheres

  • Within a crystalline material, each atom can be thought of as a sphere.
  • These spheres are packed into unit cells.
  • Each sphere that participates in a crystal structure has a coordination number, which corresponds to the number of spheres within the crystalline structure that touch the sphere that is being evaluated.
  • For a sphere in the interior of a crystal lattice, the number of spheres contacting the sphere that is being evaluated is known as the bulk coordination number.
  • For a sphere at the surface of a crystal, the number of spheres contacting the sphere being evaluated is known as the surface coordination number.

• Federalism

  • Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant with a governing representative head.
  • The Federalist Papers remains one of the most important documents in American political science.
  • Dual federalism is a theory of federal constitutional law in the United States according to which governmental power is divided into two separate spheres.
  • One sphere of power belongs to the federal government of the United States while the other severally belongs to each constituent state.
  • Each sphere is mutually equal, exclusive, and limiting upon the other sphere, and each entity is supreme within its own sphere.

• Dual Federalism: From the Civil War to the 1930s

  • Dual federalism is a theory of federal constitutional law in the United States where governmental power is divided into two separate spheres.
  • One sphere of power belongs to the federal government while the other severally belongs to each constituent state.
  • Under this theory, provisions of the Constitution are interpreted, construed and applied to maximize the authority of each government within its own respective sphere, while simultaneously minimizing, limiting or negating its power within the opposite sphere.