norms

Examples of norms in the following topics:

• The Role of Social Norms in Teams

  • Social norms are sets of shared beliefs about how people should behave.
  • Once formed, norms are not easily changed.
  • Teams can create norms through discussions among team members.
  • Norms are different from rules.
  • In contrast, norms are sets of expectations, not edicts.

• Norms

  • Explicit norms are often enforced by formal sanctions.
  • Groups may adopt norms in two different ways.
  • One form of norm adoption is the formal method, where norms are written down and formally adopted (e.g., laws, legislation, club rules).
  • Students demonstrate social norms of personal space by violating the norms.
  • In most Western countries, norms have prohibited same-sex marriage, but those norms are now changing.

• Matrix and Vector Norms

  • For vectors and matrices both we can define a generalization of this concept of length called a norm.
  • The most useful class of norms for vectors in $\mathbf{R}^{n}$ is the $\ell _p$ norm defined for $p \geq 1$ by
  • For $p=2$ this is just the ordinary Euclidean norm: $\|\mathbf{x}\| _ 2 = \sqrt{\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{x}}$ .
  • A finite limit of the $\ell _p$ norm exists as $p \rightarrow \infty$ called the $\ell _ \infty$ norm:
  • We won't need matrix norms in this class, but in case you're interested any norm on vectors in $\mathbf{R}^{n}$ induces a norm on matrices via

• Norms and Sanctions

  • Norms are social rules of behavior, and a sanction is a form of punishment against violation of different norms.
  • The act of violating a social norm is called deviance.
  • Individuals usually have a much easier time identifying the transgression of norms than the norms themselves.
  • Like deviance, norms are always culturally contingent.
  • To understand the norm, one must understand the context.

• Normative and Positive Economics

  • Positive and normative economic thought are two specific branches of economic reasoning.
  • Normative economics is a branch of economics that expresses value or normative judgments about economic fairness.
  • Many normative judgments are conditional.
  • Positive economics does impact normative economics because it ranks economic policies or outcomes based on acceptability (normative economics).
  • Positive economics is defined as the "what is" of economics, while normative economics focuses on the "what ought to be. " Positive economics is utilized as a practical tool for achieving normative objectives.

• Nonmaterial Culture

  • Examples include any ideas, beliefs, values, or norms that shape a society.
  • Sociologists describe norms as laws that govern society's behaviors.
  • Values are related to the norms of a culture, but they are more global and abstract than norms.
  • Wearing dark clothing and appearing solemn are normative behaviors at a funeral.
  • Norms, values, and beliefs are all deeply interconnected.

• Childhood Socialization

  • Social norms pertaining to gender are developed through socialization, the lifelong process of inheriting, interpreting, and disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies.The process of socialization continues throughout one's life and is constantly renegotiated, but socialization begins as soon as one is born.
  • When a boy gets a football for his birthday and a girl receives a doll, this also socializes children to accept gender norms.
  • The example set by an individual's family is also important for socialization; children who grow up in a family with the husband a breadwinner and the wife a homemaker will tend to accept this as the social norm, while those who grow up in families with female breadwinners, single parents, or same-sex couples will develop different ideas of gender norms.
  • Because gender norms are perpetuated immediately upon birth, many sociologists study what happens when children fail to adopt the expected gender norms rather than the norms themselves.
  • This is the standard model of studying deviance in order to understand the norm that undergirds the deviant activity.

• Deviance

  • Deviance, in a sociological context, describes actions or behaviors that violate informal social norms or formally-enacted rules.
  • Among those who study social norms and their relation to deviance are sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and criminologists, all of whom investigate how norms change and are enforced over time.
  • The second type of deviant behavior involves violations of informal social norms (norms that have not been codified into law) and is referred to as informal deviance.
  • Cultural norms are relative, which makes deviant behavior relative as well.
  • These rules are one example of how norms vary across cultures.

• Values

  • Values are related to the norms of a culture, but they are more global and abstract than norms.
  • Norms are rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or evil.
  • Flying the national flag on a holiday is a norm, but it reflects the value of patriotism.
  • Members take part in a culture even if each member's personal values do not entirely agree with some of the normative values sanctioned in the culture.
  • Members of the punk movement refused to conform to some of the normative values prevalent in Western culture.

• The Role of Socialization

  • Socialization prepares people for social life by teaching them a group's shared norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors.
  • The belief that killing is immoral is an American norm, learned through socialization.
  • As children grow up, they are exposed to social cues that foster this norm, and they begin to form a conscience composed of this and other norms.
  • The role of socialization is to acquaint individuals with the norms of a given social group or society.  
  • Broadly defined, it is the process of transferring norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors to future group members.