locus of control

Examples of locus of control in the following topics:

• Bandura's and Rotter's Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality

  • People with an internal locus of control tend to internalize both failures and successes.
  • Many factors have been associated with an internal locus of control.
  • Evidence has supported the theory that locus of control is learned and can be modified.
  • Examples of locus of control can be seen in students.
  • Rotter's theory of locus of control places an individual on a spectrum between internal and external.

• Attribution Theory

  • These three categories of attribution are:
  • Locus of control refers to the degree to which results are due to factors inside (internal locus of control) or outside (external locus of control) an individual.
  • Controllability refers to those factors that can be controlled to influence results.
  • Skill and competence are classified as controllable, while luck and mood are classified as uncontrollable.
  • The overview of the general attributional model can help in gaining an understanding of the attributional process.

• Attribution

  • Locus of control. 
  • Someone's locus of control can be either internal or external.
  • An individual with an internal locus of control sees people as active participants in the world, capable of influencing what happens to them.
  • Someone with an external locus of control sees the world as happening to people, outside of their control.
  • For example, level of effort put forth may be controllable, while raw talent or ability is not.

• Epistasis

  • The B gene controls black (B_) vs. brown (bb) color, while the E gene controls yellow (ee) color.
  • Mendel's studies in pea plants implied that the sum of an individual's phenotype was controlled by genes (or as he called them, unit factors): every characteristic was distinctly and completely controlled by a single gene.
  • A mouse with a recessive c allele at this locus is unable to produce pigment and is albino regardless of the allele present at locus A.
  • A gene at a separate locus (C) is responsible for pigment production.
  • The recessive c allele does not produce pigmentnand a mouse with the homozygous recessive cc genotype is albino regardless of the allele present at the A locus.

• Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks

  • Its symptoms include accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, choking sensations, hot flashes or chills, dizziness or lightheadedness, fears of losing control or going crazy, and fears of dying (APA, 2013).
  • Neurobiological theories of panic disorder suggest that a region of the brain called the locus coeruleus may play a role in this disorder.
  • Located in the brainstem, the locus coeruleus is the brain’s major source of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body’s fight-or-flight response.
  • Activation of the locus coeruleus is associated with anxiety and fear, and research with nonhuman primates has shown that stimulating the locus coeruleus either electrically or through drugs produces panic-like symptoms (Charney et al., 1990).
  • Some of the physical manifestations of a panic attack can include dizziness, shortness of breath, sweating, trembling, feelings of faintness, chest pain, or a fear of losing control.

• Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces

  • A quadric surface is any $D$-dimensional hypersurface in $(D+1)$-dimensional space defined as the locus of zeros of a quadratic polynomial.
  • A cylinder (from Greek "roller" or "tumbler") is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes.
  • The surface is formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given line segment, the axis of the cylinder.
  • The surface area and the volume of a cylinder have been known since antiquity.
  • A quadric, or quadric surface, is any $D$-dimensional hypersurface in $(D+1)$-dimensional space defined as the locus of zeros of a quadratic polynomial.

• Passage 1.2

  • In Thraciā ubi arbor dē terrā vellitur, sanguis ex arbore fluit et umbra eī dicit, “Hic locus periculosus vobis est. 

• Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

  • For example, high levels of epinephrine cause smooth muscle relaxation in the airways, but cause contraction of the smooth muscle that lines most arterioles.
  • Epinephrine acts by binding to a variety of adrenergic receptors.
  • One of the most important functions of norepinephrine is its role as the neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic neurons to affect the heart.
  • It is also a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system, where it is released from noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus.
  • The adrenal medulla, located toward the bottom of this image, is responsible for the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

• Overview of the Cerebrum

  • With the assistance of the cerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body.
  • With the assistance of the cerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body.
  • The right hemisphere controls and processes signals from the left side of the body, while the left hemisphere controls and processes signals from the right side of the body.
  • Damage to the olfactory bulb results in a loss of the sense of smell.
  • The olfactory bulb also receives "top-down" information from such brain areas as the amygdala, neocortex, hippocampus, locus coeruleus, and substantia nigra.

• Antibodies: Classes and Affinity Maturation

  • Although a single individual contains a wide arsenal of antibodies, the number of genes available to make these proteins is limited by the size of the human genome.
  • The region (locus) of a chromosome that encodes an antibody is large and contains several distinct genes for each antibody domain— in humans the locus containing heavy chain genes (IGH) is found on chromosome 14, and the loci containing lambda and kappa light chain genes (IGL and IGK) are found on chromosomes 22 and 2.
  • The heavy chain locus contains about 65 different variable domain genes, all with differing CDRs.
  • Combining these genes with an assortment of genes for other antibody domains generates a large cavalry of antibodies (i.e., a high degree of variability).
  • Class switching occurs in the heavy chain gene locus by a mechanism called class switch recombination (CSR).