living-donor transplantation

Examples of living-donor transplantation in the following topics:

• Kidney Transplant

  • Sometimes, people wait only a few days or weeks before receiving a donor organ.
  • If no living-related donor is available, it may take months or years on the waiting list before a suitable donor organ is available.
  • Kidney transplantation is typically classified as either deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation, depending on the source of the donor organ.
  • Living-donor renal transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient.
  • The first kidney transplants between living patients were undertaken in 1954, both in Boston and in Paris.

• Organ Transplants

  • Organ transplantation involves moving organs between bodies (or from donor sites on patients' bodies) for the purpose of replacing recipients' damaged or absent organs.
  • Allografts can be from a living or cadaveric source.
  • Organ donors may be living or brain dead.
  • Tissue can be recovered from donors who have experienced cardiac death: up to 24 hours past the cessation of the heartbeat.
  • Barnard's first human heart transplantation - the world's most famous heart of young donor Denise Duval.

• Graft Rejection and Tissue Typing

  • Transplant (or graft) rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue.
  • Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between the donor and the recipient.
  • Tissue typing is a procedure in which the tissues of a prospective donor and recipient are tested for compatibility prior to transplantation.
  • An embryo can be tissue typed to ensure that the embryo implanted can be a cord-blood stem cell donor for a sick sibling.
  • In this technique, a donor's blood cells are MHC typed by mixing them with serum containing the anti-HLA antibodies.

• Skin Grafts

  • Skin grafting is a type of graft surgery involving the transplantation of skin.
  • Skin grafting is a type of surgery involving the transplantation of skin.
  • The donor site may be extremely painful and vulnerable to infection.
  • Skin grafting can also be seen as a skin transplant.
  • Skin graft donor site, eight days after the skin was taken

• Medical Uses of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

  • Hemopoetic growth factors show promise in improving the lives of those suffering from kidney disease or recovering from chemotherapy.
  • Besides those on dialysis, erythropoietin is used most commonly to treat anemia in people with chronic kidney disease who are not on dialysis (those in stage 3 or 4 CKD) and those living with a kidney transplant.
  • G-CSF is also used to increase the number of hematopoietic stem cells in the blood of the donor before collection by leukapheresis for use in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
  • CSFs and thrombopoietin also improve the outcome of patients who receive bone marrow transplants.

• Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens (Self-Antigens)

  • MHC determines compatibility of donors for organ transplant as well as one's susceptibility to an autoimmune disease via crossreacting immunization.
  • Organ transplantation is a complex procedure that can potentially cure many chronic diseases or damaged conditions.
  • In nearly all cases, immunosuppressive chemotherapy is a requirement for successful organ transplantation.
  • Additionally, if an organ donor has HLA similar to that of the recipient, the risk of organ rejection is reduced, however this isn't feasible for organ transplants of the heart, liver, or lungs, because there generally isn't enough time to find a matching organ donor to help a patient with diseases of these illnesses.

• Transfusions of Whole Blood

  • It also minimizes the chance for platelet transplant rejection because a single donor will be able to contribute enough platelets via plateletpheresis.

• Gene Expression in Stem Cells

  • ., drilling into bone); (2) adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction; and (3) blood, which requires extraction through apheresis (wherein blood is drawn from the donor, passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells, and returned to the donor).
  • Highly plastic adult stem cells are routinely used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation.

• Blood Groups and Blood Types

  • Knowledge of an individual's blood type is important to identify appropriate blood for transfusion or tissue for organ transplantation.
  • O blood is also known as "universal donor. "
  • Evaluate the ABO and Rhesus blood groups in terms of donors and recipients

• Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction

  • Compared to aerobic respiration, sulfate reduction is a relatively energetically poor process, though it is a vital mechanism for bacteria and archaea living in oxygen-depleted, sulfate-rich environments.
  • Many sulfate reducers are organotrophic, using carbon compounds, such as lactate and pyruvate (among many others) as electron donors, while others are lithotrophic, and use hydrogen gas (H2) as an electron donor.
  • Some unusual autotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g., Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans) can use phosphite (HPO3-) as an electron donor, whereas others (e.g., Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans, Desulfocapsa thiozymogenes, and Desulfocapsa sulfoexigens) are capable of sulfur disproportionation (splitting one compound into two different compounds, in this case an electron donor and an electron acceptor) using elemental sulfur (S0), sulfite (SO32−), and thiosulfate (S2O32−) to produce both hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfate (SO42−).
  • In organisms that use carbon compounds as electron donors, the ATP consumed is accounted for by fermentation of the carbon substrate.