end-stage renal disease

(noun)

The indication for a kidney transplant is end-stage renal disease (ESRD), regardless of the primary cause.

Related Terms

Examples of end-stage renal disease in the following topics:

  • Kidney Transplant

    • Kidney transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease.
    • Kidney transplantation, or renal transplantation, is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease.
    • Living-donor renal transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient.
    • The indication for kidney transplantation is end-stage renal disease (ESRD), regardless of the primary cause.
    • The first cadaveric kidney transplantation in the United States was performed on June 17, 1950, on Ruth Tucker, a 44-year-old woman with polycystic kidney disease, at Little Company of Mary Hospital in Evergreen Park, Illinois.

  • Polycystic Kidney Disease

    • Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a cystic genetic disorder of the kidneys.
    • There are two types of PKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and the less-common autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).
    • Polycystic kidney disease is one of the most common life-threatening genetic diseases, affecting an estimated 12.5 million people worldwide.
    • Studies show that 10% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with hemodialysis in Europe and the U.S. were initially diagnosed and treated for ADPKD.
    • As the cysts accumulate fluid, they enlarge, separate entirely from the nephron, compress the neighboring renal parenchyma, and progressively compromise renal function.

  • Edema Caused by Loss of Plasma Proteins

    • Kidney disease is one of the most serious complications of diabetes.
    • Eventually, the kidneys may fail completely so that a person with the disease needs hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or a kidney transplant to survive.
    • It is usually good in children, because minimal change disease responds very well to steroids and does not cause chronic renal failure.
    • However other causes, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis frequently lead to end stage renal disease.
    • It can be caused by systemic diseases, pregnancy in some women, and as a result of heart failure or varicose veins.

  • Dialysis

    • In chronic or end stage kidney failure, your kidneys do not get better and you will need dialysis for the rest of your life.
    • It is used primarily to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with renal failure.
    • Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function (acute kidney injury, previously acute renal failure), or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function–a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 (previously chronic renal failure or end-stage kidney disease).
    • The latter form may develop over months or years, but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible, and dialysis is regarded as a "holding measure" until a renal transplant can be performed, or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate.
    • The acidic metabolism end-products that the body cannot get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys.

  • Renal Disease and Failure

    • In renal failure, there may be problems with increased fluid in the body (leading to swelling), increased acid levels, raised levels of potassium, decreased levels of calcium, increased levels of phosphate, and in later stages, anemia.
    • Renal failure can be divided into two categories: acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease.
    • Someone in early stage kidney disease may not feel sick or notice symptoms as they occur.
    • Acute renal failure can be caused by severe hypotension or severe glomerular disease.
    • Kidney transplantation requires a person to be at the end stage of renal failure.

  • Developmental Changes in Fluids

    • Hormonal, renal, and behavioral control of body fluids function to some extent in utero.
    • Hormonal mechanisms including the renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, and vasopressin are involved in modification of fetal renal excretion, reabsorption of sodium and water, and regulation of vascular volume.
    • Since diseases such as hypertension can be traced to fetal origin, it is important to understand the development of fetal regulatory mechanisms for body fluid homeostasis in this early stage of life.

  • Tubular Secretion

    • Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen; it is the opposite process of reabsorption.
    • Active transport—the movement of molecules via ATPase pumps that transport the substance through the renal epithelial cell into the lumen of the nephron.
    • Renal secretion is different from reabsorption because it deals with filtering and cleaning substances from the blood, rather than retaining them.
    • Tubular secretion occurs throughout the different parts of the nephron, from the proximal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct at the end of the nephron.
    • At this final stage it is only approximately one percent of the originally filtered volume, consisting mostly of water with highly diluted amounts of urea, creatinine, and variable concentrations of ions.

  • Anion Regulation

    • Adjustments in the respiratory and renal functions allow the body to regulate the levels of these ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF).
    • The paths of secretion and reabsorption of chloride ions in the renal system follow the paths of sodium ions.
    • Hypochloremia, or lower-than-normal blood chloride levels, can occur because of defective renal tubular absorption.
    • In people who have cystic fibrosis, the chloride levels in their sweat are two to five times those of normal levels; therefore, analysis of their sweat is often used to diagnose the disease.
    • Bicarbonate ions result from a chemical reaction that starts with the carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) molecules that are produced at the end of aerobic metabolism.

  • Demographic Transition Theory

    • Whether you believe that we are headed for environmental disaster and the end of human existence as we know it, or you think people will always adapt to changing circumstances, we can see clear patterns in population growth.
    • All human populations are believed to have had this balance until the late 18th century, when this balance ended in Western Europe.
    • In stage two, that of a developing country, the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease.
    • In stage three, birth rates fall.
    • Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in developed countries.

  • Typhoid Fever

    • Typhoid fever is a common, worldwide bacterial disease transmitted by Salmonella typhi, serotype Typhi.
    • Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a common, worldwide bacterial disease.
    • Blood cultures may be still positive at this stage.
    • Fourth stage: by the end of the third week the fever starts subsiding (defervescence).
    • Summarize the four stages of untreated typhoid fever and methods of preventing it