Examples of in-group bias in the following topics:
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- People tend to hold positive attitudes towards members of their own groups, a phenomenon known as in-group bias.
- In-group favoritism refers to a preference and affinity for one's in-group over the out-group or anyone viewed as outside the in-group.
- A key notion in understanding in-group/out-group biases is determining the psychological mechanism that drives the bias.
- Intergroup aggression is a by product of in-group bias, in that if the beliefs of the in-group are challenged or if the in-group feels threatened, then they will express aggression toward the out-group.
- Recall two of the key features of in-group biases toward out-groups
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- A cognitive bias is the human tendency to make systematic decisions in certain circumstances based on cognitive factors rather than evidence.
- Examples include the false-consensus bias, status quo bias, in-group favoritism, and stereotyping.
- This bias is especially prevalent in group settings where people think the collective opinion of their own group matches that of the larger population and, sometimes by extension, that those who do not agree with them are somehow defective.
- This bias relies on a tendency toward homophily (the tendency of similar types of individuals to form groups), as in-group favoritism is the tendency for individuals to provide preferential treatment to those of a similar perspective or disposition.
- It is likely a result, at least in part, of in-group favoritism.
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- Problems with polls typically stem either from issues with the methodology that bias the sample or the responses that cause the bias.
- In these cases, bias introduces new errors, in addition to errors caused by sample size.
- A common technique to control for this bias is to rotate the order in which questions are asked.
- In statistics, self-selection bias arises in any situation in which individuals select themselves into a group, causing a biased sample with non-probability sampling.
- It is commonly used to describe situations where the characteristics of the people which cause them to select themselves in the group create abnormal or undesirable conditions in the group.
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- Descriptive statistics can be manipulated in many ways that can be misleading, including the changing of scale and statistical bias.
- Bias is another common distortion in the field of descriptive statistics.
- Selection bias occurs when individuals or groups are more likely to take part in a research project than others, resulting in biased samples.
- Omitted-variable bias appears in estimates of parameters in a regression analysis when the assumed specification is incorrect, in that it omits an independent variable that should be in the model.
- Reporting bias involves a skew in the availability of data, such that observations of a certain kind may be more likely to be reported and consequently used in research.
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- Gender bias exists because of the social construction and language of gender itself; recognize it and try to avoid it when speaking.
- Before we can start talking about gender bias, it's first helpful to understand the concept of gender.
- Know that when a woman gets up to speak in front of a group of men, she is instantly received differently than her male counterpart.
- Taking a step back and considering what gender bias you bring to the table, as well as what gender biases your audience might have of you is an important step in eliminating or at least addressing gender bias in your speech.
- The late Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan, faced both gender and cultural bias in her two brief terms as a world leader.
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- Media bias is the bias of journalists and news producers in the selection of events and stories that are reported, and how they are covered.
- Sensationalism is a type of editorial bias in mass media where events and topics in news stories and pieces are over-hyped to increase viewership or readership numbers.
- The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed.
- Historians have found that publishers often served the interests of powerful social groups.
- Sensationalism is a type of editorial bias in mass media in which events and topics in news stories and pieces are over-hyped to increase viewership or readership numbers.
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- It is important to keep in mind that sampling bias refers to the method of sampling, not the sample itself.
- A self-selection bias can result when the non-random component occurs after the potential subject has enlisted in the experiment.
- A common explanation is that poorer people were undercovered because they were less likely to have telephones and that this group was more likely to support Roosevelt.
- He concluded that, in addition to the undercoverage described above, there was a nonresponse bias (a form of self-selection bias) such that those favoring Landon were more likely to return their survey than were those favoring Roosevelt.
- Gains in stock funds is an area in which survivorship bias often plays a role.
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- Personal biases can be major obstacles in any decision-making process and are as complex as they are numerous.
- Confirmation bias: This is probably the most common and the most subliminal, as many people naturally exhibit this bias without even knowing it.
- Often times called selective search for evidence, confirmation bias occurs when decision makers seek out evidence that confirms their previously held beliefs, while discounting or diminishing the impact of evidence in support of differing conclusions.
- Overconfidence bias: This is another potentially disruptive personal bias and occurs when a person subjectively overestimates the reliability of their judgments versus an objectively accurate outcome.
- Groupthink: This is a bias within group decision making that leads the group toward harmony rather than a realistic evaluation of alternatives.
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- Chance error and bias are two different forms of error associated with sampling.
- In statistics, sampling bias is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.
- Self-selection bias, which is possible whenever the group of people being studied has any form of control over whether to participate.
- Pre-screening of trial participants, or advertising for volunteers within particular groups.
- Exclusion bias, or exclusion of particular groups from the sample.
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- It should be kept in mind that prejudice is a belief and may not translate into discrimination, which is the actual mistreatment of a group or individual based upon some criteria or characteristic.
- Post-judgments or beliefs and viewpoints derived from experience that maintain unfair or stereotypical perspectives on a group of people is more accurately referred to as bias.
- Bias can develop through pronounced negative interactions with the stereotyped groups.
- Both bias and prejudice are generally viewed as negative.
- Since humans do not always have sufficient time to form personal views on every other group of people, particularly people in opposition to one's own group(s), however, prejudices and biases (regardless of their source) may facilitate interactions (although negatively).