exogeneity

Examples of exogeneity in the following topics:

• Reasons for and Consequences of Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve

  • An exogenous increase in transfer payments from the government to the people;
  • An exogenous increase in purchases of the country's exports by people in other countries; and

• Bacterial Transformation

  • Transformation is the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings.
  • In molecular biology, transformation is genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s) .
  • Competence refers to the state of being able to take up exogenous DNA from the environment.
  • The transport of the exogeneous DNA into the cells may require proteins that are involved in the assembly of type IV pili and type II secretion system, as well as DNA translocase complex at the cytoplasmic membrane.
  • The exogenous DNA is incorporated into the host cell's chromosome via recombination.

• Antigens and Antigen Receptors

  • Non-microbial exogenous (non-self) antigens can include pollen, egg white, and proteins from transplanted tissues and organs or on the surface of transfused blood cells.
  • Exogenous antigens are antigens that have entered the body from the outside, for example by inhalation, ingestion, or injection.
  • The immune system's response to exogenous antigens is often subclinical.
  • By endocytosis or phagocytosis, exogenous antigens are taken into the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and processed into fragments.
  • Some antigens start out as exogenous antigens, and later become endogenous.

• Historical Returns: Market Variability and Volatility

  • Markets and securities may follow general trends, but exogenous factors (such as macroeconomic changes) cause variability and volatility.

• Passive Immunization

  • Passive immunization can be exogenously administered (artificial) or transferred from mother to fetus (natural).

• Histology of the Liver and Gallbladder

  • Hepatocytes are involved in protein synthesis, protein storage, transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, and detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances.

• Principle-Agent Problem

  • In the linear model w is the wage, a is a constant, e is the unobserved effort, x is the unobserved exogenous effects on outcomes, and y is the observed exogenous effects; while g and a represent the weight given to y, and the base salary.

• Defining Inflation

  • In the long run, the velocity of money (that is, how quickly money flows through the economy) and total output (that is, an economy's Gross Domestic Product) are exogenous.
  • John Maynard Keynes, for example, disagreed that V and Q are exogenous and stable in the near-term, and therefore a change in the money supply may not produce a proportional change in the price level.

• Other Considerations in Capital Budgeting

  • A strategic implication of real options theory is that investment will be discouraged by exogenous uncertainty.
  • In other words, the option to defer an investment creates value because exogenous uncertainty can be reduced with the passage of time.

• Fever

  • A pyrogen is a substance that induces fever and can be either internal (endogenous) or external (exogenous) to the body.
  • Exogenous factors s lipopolysaccharide toxin (from gram negative bacteria) which can activate a number of innate immune activation pathways.
  • Describe how fever, a common symptom of medical conditions, is induced by endogenous and exogenous pyrogens