cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Examples of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the following topics:

• Cell Signaling and Cellular Metabolism

  • The activation of β-adrenergic receptors in muscle cells by adrenaline leads to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (also known as cyclic AMP or cAMP) inside the cell .
  • Cyclic AMP activates PKA (protein kinase A), which in turn phosphorylates two enzymes.
  • This diagram shows the mechanism for the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate or inactivate proteins within the cell.

• Plasma Membrane Hormone Receptors

  • One very important second messenger is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).

• Gap Junctions

  • Examples of this includes calcium ions and cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate).  

• ATP in Metabolism

  • Living cells accomplish this by using the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) .
  • The core of ATP is a molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is composed of an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and to a single phosphate group.
  • The addition of a second phosphate group to this core molecule results in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP); the addition of a third phosphate group forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
  • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has three phosphate groups that can be removed by hydrolysis to form ADP (adenosine diphosphate) or AMP (adenosine monophosphate).The negative charges on the phosphate group naturally repel each other, requiring energy to bond them together and releasing energy when these bonds are broken.

• Biosynthetic Mechanisms

  • The chief biological phosphorylation reagents are phosphate derivatives of adenosine (a ribose compound).
  • The strongest of these is the triphosphate ATP, with the diphosphate and monophosphate being less powerful.
  • The branched chain and cyclic structures of the terpenes and steroids are constructed by sequential alkylation reactions of unsaturated isopentyl pyrophosphate units.

• The Primary Structure of DNA

  • The corresponding N-glycosides of the common sugar ribose are the building blocks of RNA, and are named adenosine, cytidine, guanosine and uridine (a thymidine analog missing the methyl group).
  • Finally, a 5'- monophosphate ester, called a nucleotide may be drawn as a single monomer unit, shown in the shaded box to the right.
  • Since a monophosphate ester of this kind is a strong acid (pKa of 1.0), it will be fully ionized at the usual physiological pH (ca.7.4).
  • Anhydride-like di- and tri-phosphate nucleotides have been identified as important energy carriers in biochemical reactions, the most common being ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate).

• Cofactors and Energy Transitions

  • Many contain the nucleotide adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as part of their structures, such as ATP, coenzyme A, FAD, and NAD+.

• Methods of Intracellular Signaling

  • The free concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) within a cell is very low because ion pumps in the plasma membrane continuously use adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) to remove it.
  • Another second messenger utilized in many different cell types is cyclic AMP (cAMP).
  • Cyclic AMP is synthesized by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase from ATP .
  • This diagram shows the mechanism for the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate or inactivate proteins within the cell.

• The Two Parts of Photosynthesis

  • In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy, in the form of the electron carrier molecule NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and the energy currency molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
  • The light-independent reactions are sometimes called the Calvin cycle because of the cyclical nature of the process.

• The Protein Synthesis Machinery

  • These enzymes first bind and hydrolyze ATP to catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between an amino acid and adenosine monophosphate (AMP); a pyrophosphate molecule is expelled in this reaction.