basal plate

Examples of basal plate in the following topics:

• Embryonic Development of the Brain

  • This strip is called the neural plate, and is the origin of the entire nervous system.
  • The neural plate folds outwards to form the neural groove.
  • The anterior (front) part of the neural tube is called the basal plate; the posterior (rear) part is called the alar plate.
  • The optical vesicle (which will eventually become the optic nerve, retina and iris) forms at the basal plate of the prosencephalon.
  • The basal plate becomes the diencephalon.

• Neurulation

  • This strip is called the neural plate, and it is the origin of the entire nervous system.
  • The neural plate folds outwards to form the neural groove.
  • The anterior (ventral or front) part of the neural tube is called the basal plate; the posterior (dorsal or rear) part is called the alar plate.
  • In general, it entails the cells of the neural plate forming a cord-like structure that migrates inside the embryo and hollows to form the tube.
  • Transverse sections that show the progression of the neural plate into the neural tube.

• Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve

  • The motor division of the glossopharyngeal nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata, while the sensory division originates from the cranial neural crest.

• Trochlear (IV) Nerve

  • The human trochlear nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain.

• Oculomotor (III) Nerve

  • The occulomotor nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain.

• Hemidesmosomes

  • Hemidesmosomes are asymmetrical and connect the basal face of the expressing cell to the extracellular matrix or to other cells.
  • Hemidesmosomes (HD) are very small stud- or rivet-like structures on the inner basal surface of keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin.
  • Hemidesmosomes are asymmetrical and are found in epithelial cells connecting the basal face to other cells.
  • Electron microscopic analysis of the epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ) reveals that it comprises a narrow and sometimes folded interface between the basal keratinocytes and the dermis.
  • Thin, extracellular, electron-dense lines, parallel to the plasma membrane, subjacent to the outer plaque are visible in one third of HDs and are termed sub-basal dense plates (SBDPs).

• Establishing Body Axes during Development

  • Primary neurulation begins after the neural plate forms.
  • The edges of the neural plate start to thicken and lift upward, forming the neural folds.
  • The center of the neural plate remains grounded, allowing a U-shaped neural groove to form.
  • The dorsal part of the neural tube contains the alar plate, which is primarily associated with sensation.
  • The ventral part of the neural tube contains the basal plate, which is primarily associated with motor (i.e., muscle) control.

• Peripheral Motor Endings

  • A neuromuscular junction exists between the axon terminal and the motor end plate of a muscle fiber where neurotransmitters are released.
  • A neuromuscular junction is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end plate, as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
  • Acetylcholine diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located on the motor end plate.
  • These receptors open to allow sodium ions to flow in and potassium ions to flow out of the muscle's cytosol, producing a local depolarization of the motor end plate, known as an end-plate potential (EPP).
  • The arrow shows junctional folds with basal lamina.

• Basal Ganglia

  • One of the most intensively studied functions of the basal ganglia (BG) is its role in controlling precise eye movements.
  • The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei, ) are a group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit.
  • Two schematic drawings of coronal sections of human brain labelling the basal ganglia.
  • The basal nuclei are often referred to as the basal ganglia.
  • The main components of the basal nuclei are labeled in purple.

• Disorders of the Basal Ganglia

  • Basal ganglia disease refers to physical dysfunctions that occur when basal ganglia fail to suppress unwanted movements.
  • An example of a hypokinetic basal ganglia disease is Parkinsonism.
  • An example of a hyperkinetic basal ganglia disease is Huntington's Disease.
  • The basal ganglia is a collective group of structures in the brain .
  • This is a diagram of the main circuits of the basal ganglia.