Examples of antibody in the following topics:
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- Fluorescent antibodies are antibodies that have been tagged with a fluorescent compound to facilitate their detection in the laboratory.
- The fluorescent antibody technique consists of labeling antibody with dyes such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
- The chemical manipulation in labeling antibodies with fluorescent dyes to permit detection by direct microscopy examination does not impair antibody activity.
- Fluorescent antibody conjugates are commonly used in immunoassays.
- In the direct technique, a fluorescent antibody is used to detect antigen-antibody reactions at a microscopic level.
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- Neutralization reactions are used to inactivate viruses and evaluate neutralizing antibodies.
- This usually involves the formation of a virus-antibody complex.
- This virus-antibody complex can prevent viral infections in many ways.
- Antibodies can also neutralize viral infectivity by binding to cell surface receptors.
- Neutralizing antibodies have shown potential in the treatment of retroviral infections.
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- Complex genetic mechanisms evolved which allow vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from relatively few antibody genes.
- Virtually all microbes can trigger an antibody response.
- Several complex genetic mechanisms have evolved that allow vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes.
- Some point mutations will result in the production of antibodies that have a lower affinity with their antigen than the original antibody, and some mutations will generate antibodies with a higher affinity.
- Schematic diagram of an antibody and antigens.
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- Variations in antibody structure allow great diversity of antigen recognition among different antibodies.
- The constant domain, which does not bind to an antibody, is the same for all antibodies.
- The large diversity of antibody structure translates into the large diversity of antigens that antibodies can bind and recognize.
- Ig stands for immunoglobulin, another term for an antibody.
- Prior to antibody secretion, plasma cells assemble IgM molecules into pentamers (five individual antibodies) linked by a joining (J) chain .
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- Sometimes, antibodies can be transferred from one individual to another.
- Phagocytic enhancement by antibodies is called opsonization.
- In fact, antibodies exhibit different affinities (attraction) depending on the molecular complementarity between antigen and antibody molecules .
- Typically, multimeric antibodies, such as pentameric IgM, are classified as having lower affinity than monomeric antibodies, but high avidity.
- (b) An antibody may cross-react with different epitopes.
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- Monoclonal antibodies are monospecific antibodies that recognize one specific epitope on a pathogen.
- Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are monospecific antibodies that are the same because they are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
- Monoclonal antibody therapy is the use of monoclonal antibodies (or mAb) to specifically bind to target cells or proteins.
- This allows the transformation of murine antibodies in vitro into fully human antibodies.
- Schematic diagram of an antibody and antigens.
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- Agglutination is the visible expression of the aggregation of antigens and antibodies.
- These conjugated particles are reacted with patient serum presumably containing antibodies.
- Flocculation tests are designed for antibody detection and are based on the interaction of soluble antigens with antibodies, producing a precipitate of fine particles that can be seen with the naked eye.
- It measures the antibody level produced by a host infected with that pathogen.
- Red blood cells are used as carriers to detect antibodies from a patient's serum.
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- Virtually any microbe can trigger an antibody response.
- Several complex genetic mechanisms have evolved allowing vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes.
- One of these domains, the variable domain, is present in the heavy and light chain of every antibody, but is differentiated in antibodies generated from distinct B cells.
- Combining these genes with an assortment of genes for other antibody domains generates a large cavalry of antibodies (i.e., a high degree of variability).
- Some point mutations result in the production of antibodies having a weaker interaction (low affinity) with their antigen than the original antibody, and some generate antibodies with a stronger interaction (high affinity).
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- Complement fixation is a method that demonstrates antibody presence in patient serum.
- Complement fixation is a classic method for demonstrating the presence of antibody in patient serum.
- If the serum contains antibody to the antigen, the resulting antigen-antibody complexes will bind all of the complement.
- Sheep red blood cells and the anti-sheep antibody are then added.
- If complement has not been bound by an antigen-antibody complex formed from the patient serum and known antigens, it is available to bind to the indicator system of sheep cells and anti-sheep antibody.
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- A region at the tip of the antibody protein is very variable, allowing millions of antibodies with different antigen-binding sites to exist.
- Antibodies are heavy (~150 kDa) globular plasma proteins.
- Heavy and light chains, variable and constant regions of an antibody
- The general structure of all antibodies is very similar.
- Heavy and light chains, variable and constant regions of an antibody