The Establishment

Examples of The Establishment in the following topics:

• Marbury v. Madison

  • The landmark Supreme Court case,, firmly established the basis for the exercise of judicial review.
  • Supreme Court decision in which the Court established the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution.
  • The landmark decision helped define the power of the judiciary as a co-equal branch of the government, constitutionally separate from the executive and judicial branches.
  • The petition was therefore denied, but more importantly, the precedent for the Court's power of judicial review - not specificially enumerated in the Constitution - was established.
  • Madison, refers to the establishment of the principle of judicial review.

• The Anglican Class

  • The Church of England was legally established; the bishop of London made it a favorite missionary target and sent in 22 clergyman by 1624.
  • In practice, establishment meant that local taxes were funneled through the local parish to handle the needs of local government, such as roads and poor relief, in addition to the salary of the minister.
  • When the elected assembly, the House of Burgesses, was established in 1619, it enacted religious laws that made Virginia a bastion of Anglicanism.
  • The stress on personal piety opened the way for the First Great Awakening, which pulled people away from the established church.
  • The dissenters grew much faster than the established church, making religious division a factor in Virginia politics into the Revolution.

• Separating Church and State

  • The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship, though enforcement was uncommon.
  • The Establishment Clause is the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
  • It stated: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion."
  • The establishment clause has generally been interpreted to prohibit: 1) Congress' establishment of a national religion, and 2) US governmental preference of one religion over another.
  • The establishment clause arose as an important issue to address during Madison's efforts to ratify the Constitution.

• Land Ordinances and the Northwest Territory

  • The Northwest Ordinance established the precedent for expansion westward across North America with the admission of new states.
  • The ordinance was also significant for establishing a mechanism for funding public education.
  • Arguably the single most important piece of legislation passed by members of the earlier Continental Congresses other than the Declaration of Independence, the Northwest Ordinance established the precedent by which the federal government would be sovereign and expand westward across North America with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation.
  • Further, the prohibition of slavery in the territory had the practical effect of establishing the Ohio River as the boundary between free and slave territory in the region between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
  • The actual legal mechanism of the admission of new states was established in the Enabling Act of 1802.

• Settling the Southern Colonies

  • The Southern Colonies, including Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas, were established during the 16th and 17th centuries.
  • The Southern Colonies in North America were established by the British during the 16th and 17th centuries.
  • The first permanent English settlement was established in 1653 when emigrants from the Virginia Colony, New England, and Bermuda settled on the shores of Albemarle Sound in the northeastern corner of present-day North Carolina.
  • The name "Virginia" was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584, when Raleigh established a colony on the island of Roanoke off the coast of Virginia, and is the oldest designation for English claims in North America.
  • The Province of Georgia (also called Georgia Colony) was the last of the thirteen original colonies established by Great Britain.

• The American Military Forces

  • The Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army in June 1775 and elected George Washington as Commander-in-Chief.
  • On June 14, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army, raising 22,000 troops from the Boston area and 5,000 from New York.
  • Congress’ hesitance to establish a standing army resulted in short, one-year enlistment periods in the beginning of the war.
  • Ultimately, the naval effort contributed little to the overall outcome of the rebellion.
  • Identify the challenges that the Continental Congress faced in establishing an army.

• English Colonies

  • Starting in the 17th century, England established thirteen colonies in North America.
  • The first successful English colony was Jamestown, established in 1607 near Chesapeake Bay.
  • Unlike most of the Chesapeake or southern colonies, which were established to make a profit, New England colonies tended to be established for religious reasons.The Pilgrims were a small Protestant sect based in England and the Netherlands.
  • The Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers.
  • James Oglethorpe established the Georgia Colony in 1733 as a common solution to two problems.

• The Last Days of the Federal Presidency: The Midnight Judges

  • Therefore, the 1789 Judiciary Act was unconstitutional and the Supreme Court could not compel the president to accept Marbury's appointment.
  • However, Marshall had established the foundational concept of judicial review—the power of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of congressional legislation and presidential acts.
  • According to the Constitution, there is one simple provision that "the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court. " What this judicial power was or how the Court was to wield it is left remarkably blank in the rest of the document.
  • Madison, Justice Marshall defined the Court's judicial power as the authority to judge the actions of the other two federal branches of government—claiming that judicial review was a logical and implicit principle established in the Constitution.
  • Therefore, although Federalist party quietly dissolved in the early nineteenth century, judicial review established an enduring legacy of the Federalist vision of government that continues to guide the federal system.

• The Bill of Rights

  • The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
  • First Amendment: establishment clause, free exercise clause; freedom of speech, of the press, and of assembly; right to petition.
  • Second Amendment: establishes the right of the state to having militia and the right of the individual to keep and bear arms.
  • Fifth Amendment: guarantees due process, prohibits double jeopardy, protects against self-incrimination, establishes eminent domain.
  • Explain the purpose behind the establishment of the Bill of Rights

• The French Empire

  • His journey in 1534 retraced many of the voyages of the Vikings and established contacts with natives in modern-day Canada.
  • He explored some of northern Canada, established friendly relations with the American Indians, and discovered that the St.
  • Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685, but was gone by 1688.
  • A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola, where France established the colony of Saint-Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664.
  • Lawrence River Region for France and established friendly relations with the American Indians.