Tariff of 1832

Examples of Tariff of 1832 in the following topics:

• Protective Tariffs

  • The Tariff Act of 1789 provided the first national source of revenue for the United States.
  • Calhoun strongly opposed the tariff and urged nullification of the tariff within South Carolina.
  • On July 14, 1832, President Andrew Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832, which made some reductions in tariff rates.
  • However, the reductions were too little for South Carolina, and in November of 1832, the state adopted an ordinance of nullification and declared that the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina.
  • Discuss the history of tariffs from their inception in 1789 until the Nullification Crisis of 1832

• Nullification

  • The Tariff of 1828 highlighted economic conflicts of interest between the Northern and Southern states that eventually led to the Nullification Crisis of 1832.
  • The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis occurring during the presidency of Andrew Jackson that was created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification.
  • This ordinance declared, by the power of the state, that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina.
  • On July 14, 1832, after Calhoun had resigned his office in order to run for the Senate where he could more effectively defend nullification, Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832.
  • However, the reductions were too little for South Carolina, and in November of 1832, a state convention declared that the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina as of February 1, 1833.

• Manufacturing and Trade

  • The Tariff of 1828,enacted by President John Quincy Adams ,was a protective tariff designed to help industries in northern United States which were being driven out of business by low-priced, imported goods by putting a tax on these goods.
  • It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors, because of the effects it had on the antebellum southern economy.
  • The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, led to the Nullification Crisis that began in late 1832.
  • This ordinance declared by the power of the state that the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and, therefore, null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina.
  • The Tariff of 1828 was enacted by President John Quincy Adams.

• Planter Power

  • The Tariff of 1828 was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States.
  • The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, would lead to the Nullification Crisis that began in late 1832.
  • The Tariff marked the high point of US tariffs.
  • Representatives in the New England states to vote for the tariff increase (House Vote on Tariff of 1828).
  • Despite the sufferings of the South, the US experienced net economic growth with US GDP increasing from $888 million in 1828 to $1,118 billion by 1832 largely due to growth of the Northern manufacturing base.

• The Jackson Presidency

  • During his presidency, Jackson succeeded in vetoing the Bank's 1832 re-charter by Congress and withdrawing U.S. funds in 1833.
  • Another notable crisis during Jackson's period in office was the Nullification Crisis, or Secession Crisis, of 1828–1832, which merged issues of sectional strife with disagreements over tariffs.
  • Critics alleged that high tariffs (such as the "Tariff of Abominations") on imports of common manufactured goods produced in Europe made those goods more expensive than ones from the northern United States, raising the prices paid by planters in the South.
  • In 1828, South Carolina nullified, or declared void, the tariff legislation of 1828, and set in motion the right of a state to nullify any federal laws that went against its interests.
  • In December of 1832, Calhoun resigned as vice president to become a U.S. senator for South Carolina.

• The Role of the Government

  • The American System advocated a strong federal government and a program of internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a central bank.
  • The American System envisioned the development of a system of internal improvementswhich would knit the nation together and be financed by tariffs and land sales revenues.
  • Another key goal of the American System was the development of a strong central bank.
  • In order to protect the nation's business from foreign competition, advocates of the American System also supported protective tariffs.
  • High tariffs were maintained in the United States between 1816 and 1832.

• The Tariff and the Politics of Protection

  • The Tariff Act of 1890, commonly called the McKinley Tariff, was an act of the United States Congress framed by Representative William McKinley that became law on October 1, 1890.
  • The tariff was not well received by Americans, who suffered a steep increase in the cost of products.
  • Cleveland's opinion on the tariff was that of most Democrats: the tariff ought to be reduced.
  • After reversing the Harrison administration's silver policy, Cleveland sought next to reverse the effects of the McKinley tariff.
  • Cleveland was outraged with the final bill, and denounced it as a disgraceful product of the control of the Senate by trusts and business interests.

• Tariff Reform

  • Democrats campaigned energetically against tarrifs, especially the high McKinley tariff of 1890.
  • In 1892, Democrat Grover Cleveland was elected to the presidency, and much of his campaign platform focused on lowering the tariff.
  • Once elected, Taft called a special session of Congress in 1909 to discuss lowering the tariff.
  • Although the Payne-Aldrich Act did very little to the current status of tariffs, it angered many Democrats, Progressives, and progressive Republicans because it did not solve the tariff issue.
  • Describe the role of tariffs in mid- and late-19th century politics

• Jackson and the Democratic Party

  • After the disappearance of the Federalists after 1815 and the subsequent "Era of Good Feelings" (1816–1824), a group of weakly organized political factions dominated the American political landscape until about 1828–1832, when the modern Democratic Party emerged along with its rival, the Whigs.
  • From 1828 to 1848, banking and tariffs were the central domestic policy issues.
  • During his presidency, Polk lowered tariffs, set up a subtreasury system, and began and directed the Mexican-American War, in which the United States acquired much of the modern-day American Southwest.
  • The 1840s and 1850s were the heyday of a new faction of young Democrats called "Young America."
  • They tied internal improvements to free trade while accepting moderate tariffs as a necessary source of government revenue.

• The Tariff

  • The United States Revenue Act of 1913 re-imposed the federal income tax, and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%.
  • The United States Revenue Act of 1913 (also known as the Tariff Act, Underwood Tariff or Underwood-Simmons Act) re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment.
  • Additionally, it lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%, well below the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909.
  • The 1913 Act established the lowest rates since the Walker Tariff of 1857.
  • The Act also provided for the re-institution of a federal income tax as a means of compensating for anticipated lost revenue due to the reduction of tariff duties.