Examples of In-group favoritism in the following topics:
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- Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010).
- In fact, simply imagining interacting with members of different cultural groups might affect prejudice.
- Indeed, when experimental participants were asked to imagine themselves positively interacting with someone from a different group, this led to an increased positive attitude toward the other group and an increase in positive traits associated with the other group.
- Prejudice often begins in the form of a stereotype—that is, a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics.
- Apply the concepts of in-group favoritism and prejudice to a real-life situation
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- In-groups are social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs, while an individual doesn't identify with the out-group.
- In-group favoritism refers to a preference and affinity for one's in-group over the out-group or anyone viewed as outside the in-group.
- A key notion in understanding in-group/out-group biases is determining the psychological mechanism that drives the bias.
- Intergroup aggression is a by product of in-group bias, in that if the beliefs of the in-group are challenged or if the in-group feels threatened, then they will express aggression toward the out-group.
- Recall two of the key features of in-group biases toward out-groups
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- Weber noted that, in history, these ideal types of domination always seemed to occur in combinations.
- In such systems, the master, almost exclusively an older father, is designated in accordance with the rules of inheritance.
- Instead, he depends on the willingness of subservient group members to respect his authority.
- In this style of leadership, all officials are personal dependents or favorites of the ruler, and are appointed by the ruler.
- Patrimonial dominance has often prevailed in the Orient.
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- Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.
- The tendency to conform occurs in small groups and in society as a whole, and may result from subtle unconscious influences or direct and overt social pressure.
- Identification is conforming to someone who is liked and respected, such as a celebrity or a favorite uncle.
- He exposed students in a group to a series of lines, and the participants were asked to match the length of one line with a standard line, a task with a very clear right answer .
- Only one individual in the group was a true student, however - the rest were confederates, or actors that were pretending to be students, but knew the true aim of the study.
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- In sociology we distinguish between two types of groups based upon their characteristics.
- Such groups also begin and end with very little significance in the lives of the people involved.
- People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than in a primary group.
- Examples of secondary groups include: classmates in a college course, athletic teams, and co-workers.
- He labeled groups as "primary" because people often experience such groups early in their life and such groups play an important role in the development of personal identity.
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- People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than in a primary group, and their relationships are generally temporary rather than long lasting.
- Such groups also begin and end with very little significance in the lives of the people involved.
- In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups don't have the goal of maintaining and developing the relationships themselves.
- He labeled groups as "primary" because people often experience such groups early in their life and such groups play an important role in the development of personal identity.
- Secondary groups are also groups in which one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments, etc.
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- A primary group is a group in which one exchanges implicit items, such as love, caring, concern, support, etc.
- Primary groups play an important role in the development of personal identity.
- To that extent, he viewed society as a constant experiment in enlarging social experience and in coordinating variety.
- A primary group is a group in which one exchanges implicit items, such as love, caring, concern, support, etc.
- Relationships formed in primary groups are often long lasting and goals in themselves.
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- The perceived permeability of group boundaries is important in determining how members define their identity .
- Where group boundaries are considered permeable (e.g., a group member may pass from a low status group into a high status group), individuals are more likely to engage in individual mobility strategies.
- That is, individuals "disassociate from the group and pursue individual goals designed to improve their personal lot rather than that of their in-group. "
- Here, without changing necessarily the objective resources of in the in-group or the out-group, low status in-group members are still able to increase their positive distinctiveness.
- This may be achieved by comparing the in-group to the out-group on some new dimension, changing the values assigned to the attributes of the group, and choosing an alternative out-group by which to compare the in-group.
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- All members are invested in one another and remain committed to achieving the group's goals.
- Social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties.
- Groups can also be categorized in various ways, one of which is according to the number of people present within the group.
- Individual behavior deviates substantially in a group setting; therefore, it is difficult to determine group behavior by looking solely at the individuals that comprise the group.
- Social interaction in a dyad is typically more intense than in larger groups because neither member shares the other's attention with anyone else.
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- If, however, the same person considers the relevant reference group to be those in the top 0.1% of households in the U.S., those making $1.6 million or more, then the individual's income of $80,000 would make him or her seem rather poor.
- One important concept in this theory is the reference group.
- Reference groups are used in order to evaluate and determine the nature of a given individual or other group's characteristics and sociological attributes.
- These groups become the basis of reference in making comparisons or contrasts and in evaluating one's appearance and performance.
- If, however, the same person considers the relevant reference group to be those in the top 0.1% of households in the U.S., those making $1.6 million or more, then the individual's income of $80,000 would make him or her seem rather poor.