Examples of Differential Association Theory in the following topics:
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- In criminology, differential association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland (1883–1950) proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
- Differential association theory is the most talked-about of the learning theories of deviance.
- The principles of Sutherland's theory of differential association can be summarized into nine key points.
- An important quality of differential association theory is the frequency and intensity of interaction.
- Differential association theory predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding.
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- Presently, sociological theories lack a single overarching foundation, and there is little consensus about what such a framework should consist of.
- In the humanistic parts of the discipline, these paradigms are referred to as social theory, often shared with the humanities.
- The discipline's dominant scientifically-oriented areas generally focus on a different set of theoretical perspectives, generally referred to as sociological theory.
- Analytical sociology is an ongoing effort to systematize many of these middle-range theories.
- The American Sociological Association annual meetings are a way for contemporary sociologists to share their work and discuss the future of the discipline.
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- Although acceptance of the American Disease Model is not without controversy, the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Hospital Association, the American Public Health Association, the National Association of Social Workers, the World Health Organization, and the American College of Physicians have all classified alcoholism as a disease.
- Learning theory suggests that early childhood conceptions may lead to an association between food and a calm mental state.While it is often quite obvious why a certain individual gets fat, it is far more difficult to understand why the average weight of certain societies have recently been growing.
- There are a number of theories as to the cause of this change since 1980, but most echo assumptions embedded within initial evolutionary hypotheses at present (and rely merely on assumptions that specific correlations are related to the fundamental cause of the issue), and thus may need to be readjusted in relation to emerging recognition of the limitations of these theories:
- Some obesity co-factors are resistant to the theory that the epidemic is a new phenomenon.
- When income differentials were factored out, the inequity persisted: thin subjects were inheriting more wealth than fat ones.
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- Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology.
- Such a theory does not necessarily imply that there cannot be any social progress.
- In fact, the early theory of Sima Qian, a Chinese historiographer of the Han Dynasty and typically considered to be the father of Chinese historiography, the more recent theories of long-term ("secular") political-demographic cycles as well as the Varnic theory of P.R.
- In Rossiia i Europa (1869), he differentiated between various smaller civilizations (Egyptian, Chinese, Persian, Greek, Roman, German, and Slav, among others) and asserted that each civilization has a life cycle.
- Sociological cycle theory was also developed by Pitirim A.
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- Lester Ward, the first president of the American Sociological Association, is generally thought of as the founder of American sociological study.
- He served as the first president of the American Sociological Society, which was founded in 1905 (and which later changed its name to its current form, the American Sociological Association), and was appointed Chair of Sociology at Brown University in 1906.
- Ward is most often remembered for his criticism of the laissez-faire theories advanced by Herbert Spencer and popular among his contemporaries.
- Lester Ward, the first president of the American Sociological Association, is generally thought of as the founder of American sociological study.
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- Conflict theories emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group, that critique the broad socio-political system.
- Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, such as class conflict, and generally contrast historically dominant ideologies.
- Karl Marx is the father of the social conflict theory, which is a component of the four paradigms of sociology.
- In conflict theory, deviant behaviors are actions that do not comply with social institutions.
- Conflict theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within society.
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- For example, in debates over education, the National Education Association, a union of teachers, might be considered one special interest group, while a group of parents could band together to form another interest group.
- Most political theories of the state can roughly be classified into two categories.
- Theories of this variety view the state as a neutral entity distinct from both society and the economy.
- Within the pluralist tradition, Robert Dahl developed the theory of the state as a neutral arena for contending interests.
- Classify the different political theories concerning the function of the state in society
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- Spencer posited that all structures in the universe developed from a simple, undifferentiated homogeneity to a complex, differentiated heterogeneity, while being accompanied by a process of greater integration of the differentiated parts.
- In a sense, Spencer's belief in progressive development echoed Comte's own theory of the three-stage development of society.
- As he elaborated the theory, he proposed two types of society: militant and industrial.
- Industrial society, based on voluntary behavior and contractually assumed social obligations, was complex and differentiated.
- This is why Spencer's theories are often called "social Darwinism."
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- Blumer (1951) differentiated four types of crowds:
- There are several problems with LeBon's theory.
- First, contagion theory presents members of crowds as irrational.
- Emergent-Norm Theory combines the above two theories, arguing that it is a combination of like-minded individuals, anonymity, and shared emotion that leads to crowd behavior.
- This theory takes a symbolic interactionist approach to understanding crowd behavior.
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- Wright Mills is known as the founder of modern conflict theory.
- People are then impacted by the creation of social structures, and the usual result is a differential of power between the "elite" and the "others".
- While functionalism emphasizes stability, conflict theory emphasizes change.
- Predictably, conflict theory has been criticized for its focus on change and neglect of social stability.
- Identify the tenets of and contributors to conflict theory, as well as the criticisms made against it