differential association

(noun)

a theory in criminology developed by Edwin Sutherland, proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior

Related Terms

Examples of differential association in the following topics:

  • Differential Association Theory

    • Differential association is when individuals base their behaviors by association and interaction with others.
    • Differential association theory is the most talked-about of the learning theories of deviance.
    • The principles of Sutherland's theory of differential association can be summarized into nine key points.
    • An important quality of differential association theory is the frequency and intensity of interaction.
    • One critique leveled against differential association stems from the idea that people can be independent, rational actors and individually motivated.

  • Compensation Differentials

    • Some differences in wage rates across places, occupations, and demographic groups can be explained by compensation differentials.
    • The compensation differential ensures that individuals are willing to invest in their own human capital.
    • Not to be confused with a compensation differential, a compensating differential is a term used in labor economics to analyze the relation between the wage rate and the unpleasantness, risk, or other undesirable attributes of a particular job.
    • Hazard pay is a type of compensating differential.
    • Occupations that are dangerous, such as police work, will typically have higher pay to compensate for the risk associated with that job.

  • Boundless Subjects and Alignments

    • Boundless subjects each have an associated digital textbook with a default order, but can also be customized to align with a different textbook or course syllabus.
    • This can be understood in terms of Boundless subjects and their division into the Boundless textbook associated with the subject and the alignments created from that textbook.
    • Differentiate between Boundless subjects, the Boundless textbook for a given subject, and alignments

  • Advertising and Brand Management in Monopolistic Competition

    • Advertising and branding help firms in monopolistic competitive markets differentiate their products from those of their competitors.
    • One of the characteristics of a monopolistic competitive market is that each firm must differentiate its products.
    • A brand and the associated reputation are built on advertising and consumers' past experiences with the products associated with that brand.
    • Reputation among consumers is important to a monopolistically competitive firm because it is arguably the best way to differentiate itself from its competitors.
    • However, for that reputation to be maintained, the firm must ensure that the products associated with the brand name are of the highest quality.

  • Structure and Function of the Muscular System

    • The muscular system controls numerous very different functions, this is achieved by significant differentiation of muscle tissue morphology and function.
    • The muscular system is closely associated with the skeletal system facilitating movement and is under the control of the nervous system, both voluntary and involuntary.
    • Smooth muscle tissue is found associated with numerous other organs and tissue systems such as the digestive system or respiratory system.
    • Visible striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle are visible, differentiating them from the more randomised appearance of smooth muscle.
    • Skeletal muscle of the muscular system is closely associated with the skeletal system and acts to maintain posture and control voluntary movement.

  • Brand Equity

    • Brand equity is the value of a brand that is well-known and conjures positive associations, which helps it remain relevant and competitive.
    • For example, Starbucks can sell its coffee at a higher price than solid market competitors because consumers associate the brand with quality and value.
    • In marketing, brand equity refers to the value of a brand that is well-known and conjures positive mental and emotional associations.
    • Differentiation: The defining characteristics of the brand and its distinctiveness relative to competitors
    • At the consumer level - This measure seeks to map the mind of the consumer to uncover associations with the given brand.

  • Gene Expression for Spatial Positioning

    • Organs form from the germ layers through the process of differentiation.
    • As a result, these cells will differentiate into epidermal cells.
    • The process of differentiation is regulated by cellular signaling cascades.
    • Drosophila have segments along their bodies, and the patterning associated with the segment formation has allowed scientists to study which genes play important roles in organogenesis along the length of the embryo at different time points.
    • If the signaling by growth factors were disrupted, then the entire ectoderm would differentiate into neural tissue.

  • Introduction to Firms with "Market Power"

    • If their product is (or can be differentiated), consumers may have a preference for one firm's output relative to others.
    • In many cases some producers try to differentiate their products.
    • If the firm has is no opportunity to differentiate their product they have no incentive to advertise and to try to influence the demand for their product.
    • Advertising can be used to differentiate a product or increase the demand for a product.
    • Monopoly is the market structure that is usually associated with the greatest market power.

  • Defining Monopolistic Competition

    • Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another.
    • Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another as goods but not perfect substitutes (such as from branding, quality, or location).
    • have products that are highly differentiated, meaning that there is a perception that the goods are different for reasons other than price;
    • The firm's profit maximizing output is less than the output associated with minimum average cost.
    • The clothing industry is monopolistically competitive because firms have differentiated products and market power.

  • Gastrulation

    • During gastrulation, the embryo develops three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm), which differentiate into distinct tissues.
    • The endoderm gives rise to the epithelium of the digestive and respiratory systems, and organs associated with the digestive system, such as the liver and pancreas.
    • However, some common features of gastrulation across triploblastic organisms include: (1) A change in the topological structure of the embryo, from a simply connected surface (sphere-like), to a non-simply connected surface (torus-like); (2) the differentiation of cells into one of three types (endodermal, mesodermal, or ectodermal); and (3) the digestive function of a large number of endodermal cells.