Examples of standard deviation in the following topics:
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- Standard deviation is a term for measuring how far a given score is from the mean; in any normal distribution, you can tell what percentage of a population will fall within a certain score range by looking at standard deviations.
- It is a statistical law that under a normal curve, 68% of scores will lie between -1 and +1 standard deviation, 95% of scores will lie between -2 and +2 standard deviations, and >99% percent of scores will fall between -3 and +3 standard deviations.
- The scores of an IQ test are normally distributed so that one standard deviation is equal to 15 points; that is to say, when you go one standard deviation above the mean of 100, you get a score of 115.
- When you go one standard deviation below the mean, you get a score of 85.
- Two standard deviations are 30 points above or below the mean, three are 45 points, and so on.
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- The normal distribution is expressed in terms of standard deviation around the mean, where 68% of values lie within one standard deviation of the mean, and where approximately 96% of the values lie within two standard deviations of the mean.
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- The standard deviation and variance are related and involve how much individual data differs from the data set's mean.
- There are three variability measures of a data set: range, standard deviation, and variance.
- The variance is the mean squared deviation of a data set, meaning it is the sum of the squared deviations of the mean divided by the total population.
- It is the sum of the deviation squared divided by the number of values—thus, the average distance of a value from the mean.
- The standard deviation is calculated as the square root of the variance.
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- The normal distribution is expressed in terms of standard deviation around the mean, where 68% of values lie within one standard deviation of the mean, and where approximately 96% of the values lie within two standard deviations of the mean.
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- The standard deviation on an IQ test is 15 points, which means that a score of 70 is two standard deviations below the mean, or in the bottom 2.2% of the population.
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- If you felt extremely depressed—so much so that you lost interest in activities, had difficulty eating or sleeping, felt utterly worthless, and contemplated suicide—your feelings would be atypical, would deviate from the norm, and could signify the presence of a psychological disorder.
- Importantly, this dysfunction must be harmful in that it leads to negative consequences for the individual or for others, as judged by the standards of the individual’s culture.
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- Standardized tests are identical exams always administered in the same way so as to be able to compare outcomes across all test-takers.
- Standardized tests are perceived as being "fairer" than non-standardized tests and more conducive to comparison of outcomes across all test takers.
- Some recent standardized tests incorporate both criterion-referenced and norm-referenced elements in to the same test.
- Standardized tests are often used to select students for specific programs.
- Some standardized tests are designed specifically to assess human intelligence.
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- Intelligence tests and standardized tests face criticism for their uses and applications in society.
- Another criticism lies in the use of intelligence and standardized tests as predictive measures for social outcomes.
- Critics of standardized tests also point to problems associated with using the SAT and ACT exams to predict college success.
- Standardized tests don't measure factors like motivational issues or study skills, which are also important for success in school.
- Predicting college success is most reliable when a combination of factors is considered, rather than a single standardized test score.
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- According to this theory, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs.
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- The standard model of the difference between sex and gender says that one's sex is biologically determined (meaning that when a child is born, doctors classify the child as a particular sex depending on anatomy), while one's gender is socially or culturally determined (meaning that the way in which that child is raised, socialized, and taught determines whether they take on masculine or feminine traits).
- The standard model has been criticized for saying that humans are sexually dimorphic: this means each and every human being is either male or female, thus leaving out those who are born intersex.
- The standard model explains that gender is categorized into two separate, opposing sides, being either masculine or feminine, again completely excluding those who are intersex, transgender, androgynous, and so on.
- Modern scholars such as Anne Fausto-Sterling and Bonnie Spanier criticize the standard binaries of sex and gender, arguing that sex and gender are both fluid concepts that exist along a spectrum, rather than as binaries.