self-efficacy

Examples of self-efficacy in the following topics:

• Maintaining Motivation

  • Rogers, suggests that we protect ourselves based on four factors: (1) the perceived severity of a threatening event, (2) the perceived probability of the occurrence or vulnerability, (3) the efficacy of the recommended preventive behavior, and (4) the perceived self-efficacy.
  • Self-efficacy, the final factor in PMT, is the belief in one's ability to carry out the recommended course of action successfully.
  • Positive self-talk, smiling, or a daily ten-minute exercise routine are all things that can help reduce stress.
  • A social support system provides encouragement and self-efficacy, helps maintain a positive outlook, and allows an individual to talk about and find ways to deal with the stressor.
  • Once these needs have been reasonably satisfied, one may be able to reach the highest level, called self-actualization.

• Temporal Motivation Theory

  • Expectancy, or self-efficacy, is the likelihood of success; value is the reward associated with the outcome; impulsiveness is the individual's ability to withstand urges; and delay is the amount of time until the realization of the outcome (i.e., the deadline).
  • Suppose the student really doesn't understand the material and doesn't feel confident that he will be able to grasp it in time for the exam (low self-efficacy, or expectancy).

• Criticisms of the Social-Cognitive Pespective on Personality

  • For example, researchers currently cannot find a connection between observational learning and self-efficacy within the social-cognitive perspective.

• Incentive Theory of Motivation and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

  • Other studies provide evidence that the effectiveness of extrinsic motivators varies depending on factors like self-esteem, locus of control (the extent to which someone believes they can control events that affect them), self-efficacy (how someone judges their own competence to complete tasks and reach goals), and neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by anxiety, moodiness, worry, envy, and jealousy).
  • For example, praise might have less effect on behavior for people with high self-esteem because they would not have the same need for approval that would make external praise reinforcing.

• Body-Oriented Psychotherapies

  • Body-oriented therapies, also referred to as body psychotherapies, are based on the principles of somatic psychology, which involves the study of the body, somatic experience, and the embodied self, including therapeutic and holistic approaches to the body.
  • Research across eight different schools of body-oriented therapies suggests overall efficacy in symptom reduction, though more research is needed.
  • The review of outcome research across different types of body-oriented psychotherapy concludes that the best evidence supports efficacy for treating somatoform/psychosomatic disorders and schizophrenia.
  • Many of the claims regarding the efficacy of body-oriented therapies are considered controversial due to lack of research.

• Humanistic Therapy

  • Humanistic therapy helps individuals access and understand their feelings, gain a sense of meaning in life, and reach self-actualization.
  • It encourages viewing ourselves as a "whole person" greater than the sum of our parts and encourages self exploration rather than the study of behavior in other people.
  • The aim of humanistic therapy is to help the client develop a stronger, healthier sense of self, as well as access and understand their feelings to help gain a sense of meaning in life.
  • With its roots running from Socrates through the Renaissance, this approach emphasizes individuals' inherent drive towards self-actualization, the process of realizing and expressing one's own capabilities, and creativity.
  • The term "actualizing tendency" was also coined by Rogers and was a concept that eventually led Maslow to study self-actualization as one of the needs of humans.

• Psychodynamic and Psychoanalytic Therapy

  • Meta-analyses in 2012 and 2013 found evidence for the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy; other meta-analyses published in recent years showed psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy to be effective, with outcomes comparable to or greater than other kinds of psychotherapy or antidepressant drugs.
  • Numerous studies have suggested that its efficacy is related to the quality of the therapist, rather than the particular school, technique, or training.
  • The goal of PCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings, and behaviors are being negatively affected.

• Research Methods for Evaluating Treatment Efficacy

  • For example, the Outcome Questionnaire-45 is a 45-item self-report measure of psychological distress; the Beck Depression Inventory specifically measures depression; and the Quality of Life Inventory is a 17-item self-report measure of life satisfaction.
  • RCTs are often used to test the efficacy or effectiveness of various types of medical intervention and may provide information about adverse effects, such as drug reactions.

• Group Therapy

  • The experience of being able to give something to another person can lift the member's self-esteem and help develop more adaptive coping styles and interpersonal skills.
  • Interpersonal learning: Group members achieve a greater level of self-awareness through the process of interacting with others in the group, who give feedback on the member's behavior and impact on others.
  • It also serves to remove a group member's sense of isolation, validate their experiences, and raise self-esteem.

• Other Approaches to Therapy

  • Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of art therapy, as applied to clients with memory loss due to Alzheimer’s and other diseases, stroke residuals, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, dealing with chronic illness, and aging.
  • Since issues of interpersonal conflict, power, control, values, and ethics are often more pronounced in systemic therapy than in individual therapy, there has been debate within the profession about the different values that are implicit in the various theoretical models of therapy, as well as the role of the therapist’s own values in the therapeutic process, and how prospective clients should go about finding a therapist whose values and objectives are most consistent with their own.[33][34][35] Specific issues that have emerged include an increasing questioning of the longstanding notion of therapeutic neutrality, a concern with questions of justice and self-determination, connectedness and independence, "functioning" versus "authenticity," and questions about the degree of the therapist’s "pro-marriage" versus "pro-individual" commitment.
  • Discuss the goals, techniques, and efficacy of expressive and systemic therapies