Examples of relational aggression in the following topics:
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- Not all aggression leads to violence.
- These include hostile aggression (also known as affective or retaliatory aggression) and instrumental aggression (also referred to as predatory or goal-oriented aggression).
- In
contrast, women are more likely to be indirectly and non-physically aggressive,
such as in displays of relational aggression and social rejection.
- Hostile aggression involves direct aggression with the intent of physical or emotional harm to another person.
- It differs from instrumental aggression, which uses aggression as a means to an end.
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- Although conflicts between children and parents increase during adolescence, they are often related to relatively minor issues; regarding more important life issues, many adolescents will still share the same attitudes and values as their parents.
- Emotional reactions to problems and emotional instability—both characteristic of the hormonal changes in adolescence—have been linked with physical aggression among peers.
- Research has linked both physical and relational aggression to a vast number of enduring psychological difficulties, including depression.
- Similarly, early-maturing girls may suffer teasing or sexual harassment related to their developing bodies, contributing to a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders (Ge, Conger, & Elder, 2001; Graber, Lewinsohn, Seeley, & Brooks-Gunn, 1997; Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999).
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- All of the disorders listed under this chapter are marked by behavioral and emotional disturbances specifically related to self-control.
- These factors may also vary based on the age of onset, with different variables related to early (e.g., neurodevelopmental basis) and adolescent (e.g., social/peer relationships) onset.
- Many pregnancy and birth problems are related to the development of conduct problems; however, strong evidence for causation is lacking.
- Impulsive aggression is unpremeditated and is defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation, real or perceived.
- verbal aggression (tantrums, verbal arguments, or fights) or physical aggression that occurs twice in a week-long period for at least three months and does not lead to destruction of property or physical injury; or
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- In contrast, people who are able to use effective coping strategies to deal with stress, such as relaxation and stress management techniques, have been shown to have lower levels of depression, anxiety, and other symptoms related to the cancer and its treatment.
- Both of these typically occur with aggressive or untreated cancers.
- Such support can reduce levels of depression, anxiety, and disease-related or treatment-related symptoms among patients.
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- In American culture, masculine roles have traditionally been associated with strength, aggression, and dominance, while feminine roles have traditionally been associated with passivity, nurturing, and subordination.
- Parents often supply male children with trucks, toy guns, and superhero paraphernalia, which are active toys that promote motor skills, aggression, and solitary play.
- Men tend to outnumber women in professions such as law enforcement, the military, and politics; women tend to outnumber men in care-related occupations such as childcare, healthcare, and social work.
- For example, women are expected to be friendly, passive, and nurturing; when a woman behaves in an unfriendly or assertive manner, she may be disliked or perceived as aggressive because she has violated a gender role (Rudman, 1998).
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- Freud's psychosexual theory of development suggests that children develop through a series of stages related to erogenous zones.
- Now considered controversial and largely outdated, his theory is based on the idea that parents play a crucial role in managing their children's sexual and aggressive drives during the first few years of life in order to foster their proper development.
- The id, the largest part of the mind, is related to desires and impulses and is the main source of basic biological needs.
- The ego is related to reasoning and is the conscious, rational part of the personality; it monitors behavior in order to satisfy basic desires without suffering negative consequences.
- First, even though Freud's stages are related to children, he based most of his theory on his work with troubled adults; he in fact never worked with children.
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- Mischel suggested that consistency would be found in distinctive but stable patterns of "if-then" situation-behavior relations that form personality signatures.
- In Mischel's study, individuals who were similar in average levels of behavior, such as aggression, differed predictably and dramatically in their aggressive behavior depending on the type of situation they were in.
- Self-regulation refers to the ability to set and work toward goals; it is often described as willpower and often relates to the ability to delay gratification.
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- What balance we strike in any given situation determines how we will resolve the conflict between two overarching behavioral tendencies: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives vs. our socialized internal control over those drives.
- He called his idea the psychosexual theory of development, with each psychosexual stage directly related to a different physical center of pleasure.
- According to Freud, the job of the ego is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.
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- The kind of attitude we hold about a particular person, event, or idea influences how we behave in relation to it, and, thus, our experience of stress in relation to it.
- Interpreting an event in a negative way is a risk factor for a host of mental health problems including depression, anxiety, aggression, poor self-esteem, and physiological stress, all of which negatively impact one's health and well-being.
- In healthcare, health-related quality of life is an assessment of how the individual's well-being may affect, or be affected by, a disease, disability, or disorder.
- Patient questionnaires assessing quality of life are often multidimensional and cover physical, social, emotional, cognitive, work- or role-related, and possibly spiritual aspects, and even the financial impact of medical conditions.
- Poverty is one aspect that is particularly significant—in fact, one third of deaths (around 18 million people a year) are due to poverty-related causes; in total 270 million people, most of them women and children, have died as a result of poverty since 1990.
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- The children were presented with a short film in which an adult model directed aggression towards an inflatable Bobo doll.
- Three main conditions were included: a) the model-reward condition, in which the children saw a second adult give the aggressive model candy for a "championship performance"; b) the model-punished condition, in which the children saw a second adult scold the model for their aggression; and c) the no-consequence condition, in which the children simply saw the model behave aggressively.
- The Bobo-doll experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and studied patterns of behavior associated with aggression.
- Bandura hoped that the experiment would prove that aggression can be explained, at least in part, by social learning theory.
- The theory of social learning states that behavior such as aggression is learned through observing and imitating others.