Examples of intelligence in the following topics:
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- Over the last century or so, intelligence has been defined in many different ways.
- The current American Psychological Association definition of intelligence involves a three-level hierarchy of intelligence factors, with g at its apex.
- Cattell proposed two types of intelligence rather than a single general intelligence.
- In 1983, Howard Gardner published a book on multiple intelligence that breaks intelligence down into at least eight different modalities: logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences.
- A few years later, Robert Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which proposes three fundamental types of cognitive ability: analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
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- Intelligence tests and standardized tests face criticism for their uses and applications in society.
- Intelligence tests (such as IQ tests) have always been controversial; critics claim that they measure factors other than intelligence.
- Psychometricians have sought to make intelligence tests more culture fair and valid over the years, and to make sure that they measure g, or the "general intelligence factor" thought to underly all intelligence.
- Again, even if intelligence scores correlate with job success, this does not mean that people with high intelligence will always be successful at work.
- They concluded that the SAT is primarily a test of g or general intelligence.
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- Theories of multiple intelligence contend that intelligence cannot be measured by a single factor.
- Today, the most widely accepted theory of intelligence is the "three stratum theory," which recognizes that there are three different levels of intelligence, all governed by the top level, g, or general intelligence factor.
- Gardner identified eight specific intelligences and two additional tentative ones:
- In 1986, Robert Sternberg proposed a Triarchic Theory of intelligence.
- If a savant such as Peek was measured by Gardner's multiple intelligence theory, he would be considered to be very gifted in a subtype of intelligence, such as linguistics.
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- Intelligence testing has evolved over time as researchers continually seek the best method for measuring intelligence.
- Our concept of intelligence has evolved over time, and intelligence tests have evolved along with it.
- This term was later used in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, who published the first modern intelligence test, the Binet-Simon intelligence scale.
- In 1939, David Wechsler published the first intelligence test explicitly designed for an adult population, known as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, or WAIS.
- Cattell created the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test.
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- Psychologists agree that intelligence differs among populations but disagree as to why this phenomenon exists.
- The variance of intelligence scores among individual human beings can be extrapolated to larger population differences in general intelligence and mental capacity.
- Once again, none of these factors determines intelligence alone.
- Instead, all of them work simultaneously to help determine a group's intelligence.
- Alfred Binet was one of the first researchers to develop a standardized test for intelligence.
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- Human intelligence is shaped by both internal genetic factors and external environmental circumstances.
- There is much debate among researchers and scientists over which influence, genetics or environment, has the largest role in determining overall intelligence, because both have been scientifically established as having a significant impact on intelligence.
- As mentioned, under normal circumstances intelligence involves multiple genes.
- However, certain single-gene genetic disorders can severely affect intelligence.
- Many different environmental influences have been found to shape intelligence.
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- Although environment also plays an important role, genetics influence human intelligence and our capacity to learn in many ways.
- One of the most extensively studied behavioral traits is intelligence.
- There has been significant controversy in the academic community about the heritability of IQ, or Intelligence Quotient, which seeks to determine to what extent an individual's IQ level is influenced by genetics.
- Recent research shows that under normal circumstances, intelligence involves multiple genes; however certain single-gene genetic disorders can severely affect intelligence.
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- Some standardized tests are designed specifically to assess human intelligence.
- For example, the commonly used Stanford-Binet IQ test, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) are all standardized tests designed to test intelligence.
- However, these tests differ in how they define intelligence and what they claim to measure.
- The Stanford-Binet test aims to measure g-factor, or "general intelligence."
- For example, many people mistakenly believe that the SAT is a test designed to measure intelligence.
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- IQ tests are used to measure human intelligence quotient as measured against an age-based average intelligence score.
- IQ tests attempt to measure and provide an intelligence quotient, which is a score derived from a standardized test designed to access human intelligence.
- They are also thought to have high statistical validity, which means that they measure what they actually claim to measure, intelligence.
- The most commonly used test series is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and its counterpart, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
- While all of these tests measure intelligence, not all of them label their standard scores as IQ scores.
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- Two forms of intelligence—crystallized and fluid—are the main focus of middle adulthood.
- Our crystallized intelligence is dependent upon accumulated knowledge and experience—it is the information, skills, and strategies we have gathered throughout our lifetime.
- This kind of intelligence tends to hold steady as we age—in fact, it may even improve.
- For example, adults show relatively stable to increasing scores on intelligence tests until their mid-30s to mid-50s (Bayley & Oden, 1955).
- Fluid intelligence, on the other hand, is more dependent on basic information-processing skills and starts to decline even prior to middle adulthood.