Examples of declarative memory in the following topics:
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- Long-term memory consists of conscious explicit (declarative) and unconscious implicit (procedural) memory; both can be stored indefinitely.
- Explicit memory, also known as conscious or declarative memory, involves memory for facts, concepts and events that require conscious recall of the information.
- Episodic memory, on the other hand, is used for more contextualized memories.
- Autobiographical memory - memory for particular events within one's own life - is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic memory.
- Semantic and episodic memory are closely related; memory for facts can be enhanced with episodic memories associated with the fact, and vice versa.
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- Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition.
- While psychologists and neuroscientists debate the exact role of the hippocampus, they generally agree that it plays an essential role in both the formation of new memories about experienced events and declarative memory (which handles facts and knowledge rather than motor skills).
- People with damage to the hippocampus may still be able to learn new skills, however, because those types of memory are non-declarative.
- But a person with damage to their cerebellum would have the opposite problem: they would remember their declarative memories, but would have trouble with procedural memories like playing the piano.
- The hippocampus is integral in consolidating memories from short-term to long-term memory.
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- Two other types of sensory memory have been extensively studied: echoic memory (the auditory sensory store) and haptic memory (the tactile sensory store).
- Short-term memory is also known as working memory.
- Explicit or declarative memory requires conscious recall; it consists of information that is consciously stored or retrieved.
- In contrast to explicit/declarative memory, there is also a system for procedural/implicit memory.
- Summarize which types of memory are necessary to which stage of the process of memory storage
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- Long-term memory is the final, semi-permanent stage of memory.
- Long-term memory can be broken down into two categories: explicit and implicit memory.
- Explicit memory, also known as conscious or declarative memory, involves memory of facts, concepts, and events that require conscious recall of the information.
- Episodic memory is used for more contextualized memories.
- Contrast the different ways memories can be stored in long-term memory
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- Due to its close proximity to the hippocampus, the amygdala is involved in the modulation of memory consolidation, particularly emotionally-laden memories.
- Emotional arousal following a learning event influences the strength of the subsequent memory of that event, so that greater emotional arousal following a learning event enhances a person's retention of that memory.
- Some researchers consider the hippocampus to be responsible for general declarative memory (memories that can be explicitly verbalized, such as memory of facts and episodic memory).
- Damage to the hippocampus usually results in profound difficulties in forming new memories (anterograde amnesia), and may also affect access to memories formed prior to the damage (retrograde amnesia).
- Although the retrograde effect normally extends some years prior to the brain damage, in some cases older memories remain intact; this leads to the idea that over time the hippocampus becomes less important in the storage of memory.
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- "Amnesia" is a general term for the inability to recall certain memories, or in some cases, the inability t0 form new memories.
- Some types of amnesia are due to neurological trauma; but in other cases, the term "amnesia" is just used to describe normal memory loss, such as not remembering childhood memories.
- Anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories after the onset of amnesia, while memories from before the event remain intact.
- However, sufferers can be treated through education to define their daily routines: typically, procedural memories (motor skills and routines like tying shoes or playing an instrument) suffer less than declarative memories (facts and events).
- He is completely unable to form lasting new memories—his memory only lasts for between 7 and 30 seconds— and also cannot recall aspects of his past memories, frequently believing that he has only recently awoken from a coma.
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- In effect, the expectation is fulfilled (the action is "completed") in a metaphorical form so that a false memory is not created.
- They are merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories.
- The hypothesis states that the function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory through a process called consolidation.
- NREM sleep processes the conscious-related memory (declarative memory), and REM sleep processes the unconscious related memory (procedural memory).
- This triggers the "continual-activation" mechanism to generate a data stream from the memory stores to flow through to the conscious part of the brain.
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- It is theorized that memories are stored in neural networks in various parts of the brain associated with different types of memory, including short-term memory, sensory memory, and long-term memory.
- Memory traces, or engrams, are the physical neural changes associated with memory storage.
- These areas are also associated with long-term memory, suggesting a strong relationship between working memory and long-term memory.
- Sensory memory is the briefest form of memory, with no storage capability.
- This area is believed to be important for spatial and declarative (i.e., fact-based) memory as well.
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- In sensory memory, no manipulation of the incoming information occurs as it is transferred quickly to working memory.
- It is assumed that there is a subtype of sensory memory for each of the five major senses (touch, taste, sight, hearing, and smell); however, only three of these types have been extensively studied: echoic memory, iconic memory, and haptic memory.
- Iconic memory has a duration of about 100 ms.
- Echoic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system.
- Haptic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch.
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- Memory storage is achieved through the process of encoding, through either short- or long-term memory.
- During the process of memory encoding, information is filtered and modified for storage in short-term memory.
- Items stored in short-term memory move to long-term memory through rehearsal, processing, and use.
- In order to explain the recall process, however, a memory model must identify how an encoded memory can reside in memory storage for a prolonged period of time until the memory is accessed again, during the recall process.
- Note that all models use the terminology of short-term and long-term memory to explain memory storage.