encoding

Examples of encoding in the following topics:

• Introduction to Memory Encoding

  • "Recall" refers to retrieving previously encoded information.
  • Visual encoding is the process of encoding images and visual sensory information.
  • The creation of mental pictures is one way people use visual encoding.
  • The amygdala plays a large role in the visual encoding of memories.
  • Not all information is encoded equally well.

• Other Steps

  • Visual encoding uses information from the visual senses to create memories.
  • Acoustic encoding uses sound information to create new memories.
  • Semantic encoding is the use of sensory input that has certain meaning or context to encode and create memories.
  • Some strategies used in semantic encoding include chunking and mnemonics.
  • This is used during acoustic encoding.

• The Relationship Between Genes and Proteins

  • Proteins, encoded by individual genes, orchestrate nearly every function of the cell.
  • Some genes encode structural and regulatory RNAs.
  • Protein-encoding genes specify the sequences of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins .
  • Both protein-encoding genes and the proteins that are their gene products are absolutely essential to life as we know it.
  • The enzyme RNA polymerase creates an RNA molecule that is complementary to a gene-encoding stretch of DNA.

• The Fallibility of Memory

  • Memories can be encoded poorly or fade with time; the storage and recovery process is not flawless.
  • This can cause a divergence between what is internalized as a memory and what actually happened in reality; it can also cause events to encode incorrectly, or not at all.
  • However, this process can be impacted by a number of factors, and how well information is encoded affects how well it is able to be recalled later.
  • The way memories are encoded is personal; it depends on what information an individual considers to be relevant and useful, and how it relates to the individual's vision of reality.
  • Memories that are encoded poorly or shallowly may not be recoverable at all.

• Transience and Encoding Failure

  • Both transience and encoding failure can limit our ability to store and, later, recall memories.
  • This often causes a divergence in what is internalized as a memory and what actually happened in reality; it can also cause events to encode incorrectly, or not at all.
  • Research indicates that sleep is of paramount importance for the brain to encode information into accessible memories.
  • There is a limited capacity of working memory, so little can be remembered at a later time unless the information is encoded to long-term memory.
  • To form a memory in the brain, information must first be encoded and stored before it can be recalled for later use.

• The AraC Regulator

  • The L-arabinose operon, also called ara operon, encodes enzymes needed for the catabolism of arabinose to xylulose 5-phosphate.
  • The L-arabinose operon, also called ara operon, is a gene sequence encoding enzymes needed for the catabolism of arabinose to xylulose 5-phosphate, an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway.
  • The structural gene, which encodes arabinose breakdown enzymes, is araBAD.

• Pathogenicity Islands

  • Pathogenenicity islands are discrete genetic loci that encode factors which make a microbe more virulent.
  • These mobile genetic elements may range from 10-200 kb and encode genes which contribute to the virulence of the respective pathogen.
  • Pathogenicity islands carry genes encoding one or more virulence factors, including, but not limited to, adhesins, toxins, or invasins.

• RNA Oncogenic Viruses

  • Coat proteins (surface antigens) are encoded by env (envelope) gene and are glycosylated.
  • Inside the membrane is an icosahedral capsid containing proteins encoded by the gag gene (group-specific AntiGen).
  • Gag-encoded proteins also coat the genomic RNA.
  • This is cleaved by a virally-encoded protease (from the pol gene).
  • About 10 copies of reverse transcriptase are present within the mature virus, these are encoded by the pol gene.

• Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

  • RSV has ten genes encoding 11 proteins.
  • N encodes the nucleocapsid protein that associates with the genomic RNA forming the nucleocapsid.
  • M encodes the matrix protein required for viral assembly.
  • M2 is the second matrix protein required for viral transcription; it encodes M2-1 (elongation factor) and M2-2 (transcription regulation), while L encodes the RNA polymerase.

• Introduction to the Process and Types of Memory

  • Memory is the ability to take in information, encode it, store it, and retrieve it at a later time.
  • In psychology, memory is broken into three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
  • In this first stage we must change the information so that we may put the memory into the encoding process.
  • Storage: the creation of a permanent record of the encoded information.
  • The three stages of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.