aversive

Examples of aversive in the following topics:

• Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning: Skinner

  • Skinner theorized that if a behavior is followed by reinforcement, that behavior is more likely to be repeated, but if it is followed by some sort of aversive stimuli or punishment, it is less likely to be repeated.
  • In these boxes he would present his subjects with positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or aversive stimuli in various timing intervals (or "schedules") that were designed to produce or inhibit specific target behaviors.

• Reinforcement and Punishment

  • Negative reinforcers remove an aversive or unpleasant stimulus to increase or maintain the frequency of a behavior.
  • Positive punishments add an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior or response.

• Behavior Therapy and Applied Behavioral Analysis

  • One commonly used classical conditioning therapeutic technique is aversive conditioning, which uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior.
  • In aversion therapy, clients will typically engage in a specific behavior (such as nail biting) and at the same time are exposed to something unpleasant, such as a mild electric shock or a bad taste.

• Gustation: Taste Buds and Taste

  • In general, tastes can be appetitive (pleasant) or aversive (unpleasant), depending on the unique makeup of the material being tasted.There is one type of taste receptor for each flavor, and each type of taste stimulus is transduced by a different mechanism.

• Comparing Motivation to Emotion

  • Stimulation is when motives are initiated by aversive signals like shocks, loud noise, heat, or coldness; or activated by positive signals which lead to pleasing states, such as sexual drive.

• Sexual Orientation

  • Much of this discrimination is based on stereotypes, misinformation, and homophobia, an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals.

• The Limbic System

  • The lateral parts of the hypothalamus seem to be involved with pleasure and rage, while the medial part is linked to aversion, displeasure, and a tendency for uncontrollable and loud laughter.

• Applications of Classical Conditioning to Human Behavior

  • Some therapies associated with classical conditioning include aversion therapy, systematic desensitization, and flooding.

• Defining Motivation

  • Motivation can be stimulated by uncomfortable or aversive conditions or events (shocks, loud noise, or excessive heat or cold can motivate us to seek better conditions) or by attractions to positive or pleasurable conditions or events (such as food or sex).

• Sexual Dysfunction and Disease

  • These conditions can manifest themselves as an aversion to and avoidance of sexual contact with a partner.