merit system

Examples of merit system in the following topics:

• Bureaucratic Reform

  • By the 1830s, the "spoils system" referred to the systematic replacement of office holders every time the government changed party hands.
  • It eventually placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system. " Drafted during the Chester A.
  • Civil service laws have consistently protected federal employees from political influence, and critics of the system complained that it was impossible for managers to improve performance and implement changes recommended by political leaders.

• Termination

  • The Pendleton Civil Service Reform of United States is a federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit.
  • On the other hand democracy is defined as: "government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system", thus not by non-elected bureaucrats.
  • The Pendleton Civil Service Reform of United States is a federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit.
  • To enforce the merit system and the judicial system, the law also created the United States Civil Service Commission.

• Providing Public Services

  • Examples of public goods include fresh air, knowledge, lighthouses, national defense, flood control systems, and street lighting.
  • However, most public services are merit goods, which are services that may be under provided by the market.
  • Examples of merit goods include the provision of food stamps to support nutrition, the delivery of health services to improve the quality of life and reduce morbidity, subsidized housing and, arguably, education.

• Political Parties

  • The type of electoral system is a major factor in determining the type of political party system.
  • In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits.
  • Congress are examples of two-party systems.
  • Multi-party systems are systems in which more than two parties are represented and elected to public office.
  • The United States Congress is an example of a two-party system of governance.

• The Diversity Debate

  • Debates over affirmative action center around the question of whether diversity in the classroom merits a program of state intervention.
  • The institutional practice of slavery, and later segregation, in the United States prevented certain racial groups from entering the school system, particularly systems of higher education, until midway through the 20th century when the Supreme Court case of Brown v.
  • Some believe that racial and ethnic diversity in schools fosters understanding of new cultures and beliefs systems, dispelling stereotypes held by the majority population .

• The Two-Party System

  • The modern political party system in the U.S. is a two-party system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
  • In the U.S., forty-eight states have a standard winner-takes-all electoral system for amassing presidential votes in the Electoral College system.
  • There are two main reasons winner–takes–all systems lead to a two-party system.
  • One opinion in political science is that a two-party system promotes centrism, less extremism, and that a two-party system is generally more stable and easier to govern than multi-party systems which can become a hung parliament.
  • While there is considerable debate about the relative merits of a constitutional arrangement such as that of the United States versus a parliamentary arrangement such as Britain, analysts have noted that most democracies around the world have chosen the British multi-party model.

• Federal Jurisdiction

  • The American legal system includes both state courts and federal courts.
  • Judges must strain to remove the influence of the merits from their jurisdictional rules.
  • Discuss the different levels of jurisdiction by state and federal courts in the American legal system

• Models of Bureaucracy

  • New structures of society were marked by two intermeshing systems that had taken shape around the organizational cores of capitalist enterprise and bureaucratic state apparatus.
  • Weberian characteristics of bureaucracy are clear, defined roles and responsibilities, a hierarchical structure and respect for merit.
  • Weber listed several preconditions for the emergence of the bureaucracy: The growth in space and population being administered, the growth in complexity of the administrative tasks being carried out and the existence of a monetary economy – these resulted in a need for a more efficient administrative system. [99] Development of communication and transportation technologies made more efficient administration possible (and popularly requested) and democratisation and rationalisation of culture resulted in demands that the new system treat everybody equally.

• The End of Affirmative Action?

  • After being denied admission, Jennifer Gratz filed suit on the basis that the University of Michigan's point system discriminated against her on the basis of race, as she belonged to none of the specified minority groups.
  • The Supreme Court held that the university could still consider race in college admissions, but that the University of Michigan's ranking and point system was unconstitutional because it gave an automatic point increase to all racial minorities rather than considering what a specific individual could contribute to campus life.
  • Fisher was not in the top 10% and was therefore evaluated based on her merits.

• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

  • He had been a National Merit Scholar in high school and graduated from the University of Minnesota with a GPA of 3.51.
  • However,quota systems, such as that established by UC Davis, were unconstitutional.