International Monetary Fund

Examples of International Monetary Fund in the following topics:

• The International Monetary Structure

  • The main components in the international monetary structure are global institutions (such as the International Monetary Fund and Bank for International Settlements), national agencies and government departments (such as central banks and finance ministries), private institutions acting on the global scale (such as banks and hedge funds), and regional institutions (like the Eurozone or NAFTA).
  • The most prominent international institutions are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) , the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
  • This includes commercial banks, hedge funds and private equity, pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, and sovereign wealth funds.
  • Governments are also a part of the international monetary structure, primarily through their finance ministries: they pass the laws and regulations for financial markets, and set the tax burden for private players such as banks, funds, and exchanges.
  • Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system, the planners at Bretton Woods established the IMF and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group.

• Trade

  • International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders.
  • This system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states, and was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states.
  • The agreement set up rules and institutions to regulate the international political economy, resulting in the creation of organizations such as the the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later divided into the World Bank and Bank for International Settlements).
  • In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people, and the dissemination of knowledge.
  • Common targets include the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) and free trade treaties like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), the Trans Pacific Trade Agreement (TPPA), the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).

• Economic Aid and Sanctions

  • As part of foreign policy, states can use money and monetary policies to either help or penalize other states.
  • Similarly, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, as primary holders of developing countries' debt, attach structural adjustment conditionalities to loans which generally include eliminating state subsidies and the privatizing state services.
  • In recent decades, aid by organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank has been criticized as being primarily a tool used to open new areas up to global capitalists, and being only secondarily, if at all, concerned with the well-being of the people in the recipient countries.

• The Goals of Economic Policy

  • These typically used fiscal and monetary policy to adjust inflation, output and unemployment.
  • This can occur (for example) as a result of intervention by the International Monetary Fund.

• The United Nations

  • The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the UN.
  • Some of the most well-known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency, the World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF).
  • This conference took place in 1944, and its goal was "to create a new international monetary and trade regime that was stable and predictable."
  • This new system opened world markets, promoted a liberal economy and was implemented through different institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

• Monetary Policy

  • Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money.
  • Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability.
  • Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.
  • The primary tool of monetary policy is open market operations.
  • For example, in the case of the USA the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight; however, the monetary policy of China is to target the exchange rate between the Chinese renminbi and a basket of foreign currencies.

• Monetary Policy

  • Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.
  • Monetary policy differs from fiscal policy.
  • Furthermore, monetary policies are described as "accommodative" if the interest rate set by the central monetary authority is intended to create economic growth.
  • The primary tool of monetary policy is open market operations.
  • For example, in the case of the United States, the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, which is the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight.

• Governmental Interest Groups

  • In many cases local governments are seeking more funding to carry out their work and responsibilities.
  • The practice of local governments lobbying the federal government started with the New Deal during which an attempt was made to organize the distribution of funds and programs during that period.
  • Major gains were made in the 1960s and 1970s, especially around social program funding.
  • FERA was part of the New Deal federal funding to state and local governments.

• Humanitarian Efforts

  • Aid is funded by donations from individuals, corporations, governments and other organizations.
  • The funding and delivery of humanitarian aid has become increasingly international in scope.
  • Prominent humanitarian organizations include Doctors Without Borders, Mercy Corps and the International Red Cross.

• Civil Rights of the Elderly

  • Roosevelt's Social Security Act funded medical care for aging Americans.
  • The OAA provides funding to states for the provision of services on the basis of the percentage of the population over the age of 60.
  • A large component of non-monetary compensation is retirement funding and similar benefits.